Synthesis And Characterization Of Strontium Ferrite Environmental Sciences Essay

implication And icon Of steradian Ferrite Env pressmental Sciences Essaysteradian ferrite is a ferro drawing cardized hooey and reported as having hexangular attractive deplumateoplumbite typecast (M-type) construction. It is the rise-nigh wide-cut utilize long-lived magnets throughout the world, which account for close 90wt% of the annual fruit of unending magnets. In this mull over, the steradian ferrite is synthe sized development sol- gel regularitys and the magnetised properties were analyzed.Chapter 1 gave introduction about the twist of M-type hexagonal steradian ferrite. Besides, some general magnetized properties forget be discussed. Commercial applications of atomic number 38 ferrite would be discussed as well.Chapter 2 is all(prenominal) about the experimental details, including the celluloid proficiencys utilise for atomic number 38 ferrite, description of creature used and procedures carried out.Chapter 3 concentrated on the results on magnetised efficiency of hexagonal steradian ferrite. Comparison between strontium ferrite and cation-substituted strontium ferrite was do.Chapter 4 concluded the whole investigation of this information. Suggestions for future studies were in addition discussed. Better pinch of the properties and practical applications of strontium ferrite offer be achieved through this study.ABSTRACTThe properties of magnetoplumbite type (M-type) hexagonal strontium ferrite has been investigated. The attempt of successor of carbon monoxide gas(II) oxide and titanium(IV) oxide in order to kick upstairs a quaternary system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-XO where X champions the dopant cation was made. The subtraction is ground on sol-gel method where ethylene ethylene diol is the gel precursor. This technique was occupied because it was found to be open to maturate nano fragments of cation substituted strontium ferrite. Moreover, sol-gel method buns produce senior exalted up gear school yie lds of strontium ferrite particles.Overall, the magnetised properties were observed to be adjustment later on the cation re invigoratedal. Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitute in SrFe12O19 with different ratios were made in this study to investigate the effect of cation substitution in charismatic properties of strontium ferrite. Co(II)-Ti(IV) substitution in strontium ferrite with gram groineculee ratio of 0.4 showed the scoop magnetic properties that we coveted for. The pack aptitude where X = 0.4 was found to be increase shrewdly compared to the unsubstituted virtuoso. Except the cobalt titanium substitution with groine ratio of 0.4, other cation substitution ratios showed decrease in mass susceptibility which is not lovable. and so the cobalt-titanium substitution for SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 with X = 0.4 is the best to remedy magnetic properties of strontium ferrite for several(a) commercial applications.REVIEWStrontium ferrite has been a subject of persisting chase and in tensive study for several decades due to the circumstance that this involved has been the the most widely used constant magnets, which account for about 90wt% of the annual production of standing(prenominal) magnets since shortly after its discovery in the 1950s. Strontium hexaferrite, SrFe12O19, is a ferrimagnet and is also known as ceramic durable magnet. When compared with alnico-magnets, strontium ferrite has high coercivity, moderate remenance, corrosion resistance and ex cellular phoneent chemical substance stability 5. Iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3) is the atomic issue forth 82 components in SrFe12O19 which gives rise to its magnetic properties. Within the quintuplet different vitreous silicalographic sites of strontium ferrite, the iron ions are coupled antiferromagnetically. Due to its high magnetocrystalline anisotropy celestial orbit in its structure, SrFe12O19 renders high fecundation magnetization and high coercivity 1. The high magnetic permeability in strontium fe rrite enables it to retentiveness strong magnetic electron orbits, which is stronger than iron. Strontium ferrite is often produced as nanoscale size powder, which cease be sintered into solid cores.Strontium ferrite has been used for several master(prenominal) industrial applications, such as permanent magnets, microwave devices and high density plumb line transcription media, with proper doping in order to improve properties of strontium ferrite 1. SrFe12O19 has also been investigated as a medium for magnetic recording and magneto-optical recording and for long (millimetre)-wave devices 2. Efforts engage made to the culture of novel synthetic methods which facilitate the production of fine hexagonal ferrite particles and to realistic ways of reducing their high intrinsic magnetocrystalline anisotropy.The objective in this study was to attempt the tax write-off of cation substituted M-type hexagonal ferrite SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 victimisation the sol-gel method. The sol- gel method has been used widely to produce fine particles of a variety of oxides. The effect of doping strontium ferrite with cobalt (II) and titanium (IV) oxides to produce quaternary systems of SrO-Fe2O3-XO, where X shows the dopant cation would be tested. The fine particles of cation substituted ferrite produced by using sol-gel technique is desirable because the grain size of the materials used in magnetic recording is the main factor determining the level of cathode-ray oscilloscope noise at minuscule density. magnetised properties of strontium ferrite would be nidus in this study. magnetised susceptibility balance would be used to do the mass susceptibility for both(prenominal) strontium ferrite and cation-substituted strontium ferrite produced using the sol-gel method. The mass susceptibilities of the samples were compared to discover the optimum amount of cation call for to dope to ferrite to give the best magnetic behaviour.CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrF e12O19According to crystalline structure, hexaferrite lavatory be class into four types, these include M, W, Y and Z types hexaferrites which mean to (SrO + MeO)Fe2O3 ratios of 16, 38, 46 and 512 respectively. SrFe12O19 is classified as M-type hexaferrite.The hexagonal SrFe12O19 was first prepared by Adelskold in 1938 2. He also confirmed that the crystal structure of this compound to be iso-structural with the naturally occurring ferrite mineral magnetoplumbite, and therefore it has the M-type structure. Later structural refinements for strontium hexaferrite turn over confirmed his determination 2. Strontium ferrite is classified as hexagonal ferrite. It is denoted as having the space group P63/mmc. According to the research made by Kimura et al, the wicket door parameters measured are found to be a = 0.588 36nm and c = 2.303 76nm at room temperature 2.As shown for M-type hexaferrite BaFe12O19 in Fig. 1.1, the crystalline structures of different types of hexaferrites are outs tandingly complex. The social unit of measurement cell contains ten type O layers. A unit cell is sequentially constructed for four blocks, they are S (spinel), R (hexagonal), S* and R*. The S and R blocks have equivalent atomic arrangements and are rotate around the c-axis at 180 with respect to S* and R* blocks. R or R* block consists of three O2layers while S or S* block contains two O2layers with one group O site in the middle layer substituted by a Ba2+ion 16. The structure of strontium ferrite is correspondent to that of saloonium ferrite, by just substituting the barium ion with strontium ion.Fig.1.1 coordinate of barium hexaferriteOccasionally, a unit cell is comprises of two code units. The unit cell consists of 64 ions per hexagonal unit cell, which are 2 strontium ions, 38 oxygen ions and 24 ferric ions. The structure of magnetoplumbite are made of a layer of hexagonal close packed arrangement of oxygen and strontium ions, which is sandwiched between two spinal bl ocks containing a cubic compact arrangement of oxygen atoms with iron atoms.The iron atoms are positioned at five interstitial crystallographically different cation sites of the close-packed layers, namely 4f1 (tetrahedral site, A sites), 12k, 4f2, 2a (octahedral sites, B sites) and 2b (trigonal bipyramidal site) 15. The tetrahedral iron oxide is FeO4, octahedral iron oxide consists of six oxygen ions, which is FeO6, and the formula for trigonal bipyramidal iron oxide is FeO5. A schematic M-type structural representation and the five Fe3+ sites are shown in Fig. 1.2 by Collomb et al. 15.Figure 1.2 The crystal structure sketch map of the hexagonal M-type variant and the five Fe sites with their surroundings are displayed.The 2b sites only occur in the homogeneous layer with strontium ion. 12k site is the octahedral site of S and R blocks. There are two tetrahedral (4f1) sites and one octahedral (2a) site in shopping center of S block. The two octahedral (4f2) sites are found in t he R block, neighboring to the strontium-containing layer.The M-type structure of strontium ferrite gives rise to its magnetic properties. Cation substitution to strontium ferrite whitethorn give chances whereby altering the structure and thus influence the magnetic properties. magnetized PROPERTIES OF M-TYPE HEXAGONAL SrFe12O19Strontium hexaferrite is a ferrimagnetic material. Since the free electrons in SrFe12O19 are in close proximity and remain aligned til now the external magnetic work have been removed, it is able to retain a permanent magnetic field and is recognized as ferrimagnetic material.In 1950s Gorter predicted that the iron ions at the trigonal bipyramidal (2b) and octahedral (2a, 12k) sites have their spin orientation antiparallel to that of the iron ions at the 4f sites 2. The antiparallel 4f1 and 4f2 and parallel 2a, 12k and 2b sublattices form the ferrimagnetic structure. The magnetic ordering corresponding to the magnetoplumbite structure of hexagonal strontiu m ferrite is well illustrated in Fig. 1.3.In S block, the legal age -sublattice consists of four octahedral ions and the minority -sublattice contains two tetrahedral ions whereas R block contributes three octahedral ions and one trigonal ion to the majority sublattice and two octahedral ions to the minority sublattice.Figure 1.3 The schematic structure (left) of the SrFe12O19 with Gorters magnetic ordering (middle) along the c-axis. The large open circles are oxygen ions, the large broken circles are Sr ions small circles with a bodge inside represent Fe ions at 12k, small circles containing a fill circle inside represent Fe ions at 4f2, small fill circles represent Fe ions at 4f1, filled small circles represent Fe ions at 2a and small circles with a unfilled circle inside represent Fe ions at 2b. The magnetic structure suggested by Gorter is shown on the right, where the arrows represent the direction of spin polarization.From Fig. 1.3, we hatful summarizes the sites of Fe(III ) ions corresponding to the spin direction, as in Table 1.1.SiteCoordinationOccupancyDirection of spin polarization12kOctahedral12Up2aOctahedral2Up2bTrigonal Bypiramidal2Up4f1Tetrahedral4Down4f2Octahedral4DownTable 1.1 Fe(III) ion sites in M-type hexagonal ferriteHysteresis intertwineThe magnetic properties of strontium ferrite can be examined through hysteresis loops. Hysteresis loop can be measured using instruments such as Vibrating ideal magnetometer (VSM) and SQUID Magnetometry Measurements.When a magnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, the flux density (B) would lags behind the magnetizing force (H) that causes it, and this form hysteresis loop.From a hysteresis loop, we can identify the magnetic properties of the material, they are saturation magnetization, remanence or also known as oddity magnetization, and coercivity. A typical hysteresis loop is well illustrated in Fig. 1.4.Figure 1.4 Typical hysteresis loop (B-H curve)Initially, there is no use magnetic fiel d and it is known as unmagnetized state. After magnetic field is employ, it causes co-occurrence. Until maximum magnetizing force applied, maximum flux density achieved at the same time and this phenomenon is known as saturation magnetization. At this point, the maximum sum up of spin has mobilized. Saturation magnetization is defined as the maximum attainable magnetisation of a material. It is also a measure of strongest magnetic field a magnet can produce. The unit of saturation magnetization is in amperes per meter. Strontium ferrite is having high saturation magnetization at which it can store high amount of magnetizing force. As the magnetizing force being s number onely removed, the alignment stays at the point where H = 0, this is known as remnant magnetization. Remnant magnetization is the magnetization left in a permanent magnet after an external magnetic field is removed. When a magnet is magnetized, it has remanence. It is usually measured in unit Tesla. Strong perman ent magnet such as strontium ferrite has high remnant magnetization which nub the high amount of magnetic force remains in it even after the magnetizing force is removed. As form Fig. 1.4, negative magnetic field is applied to demagnetize the permanent magnet. When the flux density (B) = 0, there is no magnetizing force remain in the magnet and the negative H demand to demagnetize the magnet is known as coercivity. Negative H is the magnetic field applied in opposite direction. Coercivity is measured in unit amperes per meter. Due to its high uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy with an easy axis of magnetization along the hexagonal c-axis in the structure, SrFe12O19 has high coercivity.Anisotropy is directional or orientational effects in crystal structure of materials which can provide better magnetic performance along sure preferred axis. Therefore, we need to apply high negative magnetizing force to demagnetize strontium ferrite. Attempts have to be made to lower pot the c oercivity of strontium ferrite for usage. social units in MagnetismThe units used in magnetism can be divided mainly into two categories, SI system and c.g.s system. The renewal table shown in Table 1.2 is to clarify the magnetism formulas in both SI and c.g.s systems and the conversion factors between them.QuantitySymbolSI UnitSI Equationc.g.s Unitc.g.s EquationConversion Factorcharismatic InductionBtesla (T)B=o(H+M)gauss (G)B = H+4M1 T = 104G magnetized Field StrengthHampere/meter(A/m)H = N-I/lc( lc magneticpath, m)oersted (Oe)H = 0.4N-I/lc(lc magneticpath, cm)1 A/m =4 -10-3OeMagnetic mixweber (Wb) = B-Ac(Ac area, m2)maxwell (M) = B-Ac(Ac area, cm2)1 Wb = 108MMagnetizationMampere/meter (A/m)M=m/V(m- fit magnetic moment,V- garishness, m3)emu/cm3M=m/V(m- total magnetic moment,V- volume, cm3)1 A/m = 10-3emu / cm3Magnetic permeability of Vaccumonewton/ampere2o= 4-10-714-10-7generalisationLhenryL=oN2Ac/lc(Ac- area, m2,lc magnetic path, m)henryL=0.4N2Ac/lc-10-8(Ac-area, cm2,lc magnetic path, cm)1Emf ( fivesomeage)VvoltV=-N-d/dtvoltV=-10-8N-d/dt1Note In the above equations, I = received (in amps), N = turnsTable 1.2 Magnetism formulas in SI and c.g.s systems and their conversion factors for the magnetic units.1.4 PHOTOLUMINESCENCE PROPERTIES OF SrFe12O19According to the study of G. B. Teh et.al 3 on strontium ferrite, strontium ferrite was found to march photoluminescence behavior. When a sample of strontium ferrite is disturbed at a certain wavelength, highest intensity of photoluminescence emission peaks was obtained. The ability of strontium ferrite to photoluminesce could be due to the oxygen vacancies in their lattice structure. The oxygen vacancies are assumed to cause the particles to exhibit photoluminescence behavior by acting as traps for mobile excitation. The oxygen vacancies have effective +2 charges, making them powerful electron capture centers. valency electron would gain sufficient energy to jump from the valence peck to the conductio n band and leaving a gap known as hole during excitation. F-centers, which is the region where contain high amount of electrons would formed when the excited electrons being trapped in oxygen vacancies. These rich electron centers would elapse to emission of luminescence when the holes and electrons recombine.1.5 SYNTHESIS ROUTE OF SrFe12O19The impact routes used for synthesis of strontium ferrite affect its properties much. Traditionally, this ferrite powder is synthesized by a mixed oxide ceramic method, which involves the solid-state reaction between SrCO3 and Fe2O3 at a high calcination temperature (about 1300C). However, masterless particle morphology, larger particle size and agglomerates would be the biggest disadvantages of this technique. Besides, contamination would be introduced to the sample while subsequent milling of the calcined ferrite powder and this would affect the magnetic properties become less desirable. Therefore, the narrowed particle size distribution, re fined particle size and minimal particle agglomeration has been the main concern during the synthesis of strontium ferrite.In order to improve the magnetic properties, numerous nonconventional soft synthetic routes have been carried out, including sol-gel synthesis 3, hydrothermal reaction 6, co-precipitation 7, citric acid method 8 and microemulsion processing 10.In this study, the synthesis of strontium ferrite employed the sol-gel technique. It is a wet chemical route employing ethylene glycol as gel precursor. Sol-gel technique is the technique of using chemical substances which have high solubility in constitutive(a) solvents to synthesize precursor compounds. The compounds are easily transformed into hydrated oxides on hydrolysis. The metal alkoxides formed can be removed easily using hydrolysis and thermal treatment and therefore results in hydrated oxides which are exceedingly purify.Sol-gel method is used in this study because of its many advantages. Sol-gel technique is able to produce homogeneous nanosized crystallites. This method is tend to give shaped materials at one time from a solution without passing through the powder processing and the fact that the annealing temperature is very low compared with other conventional technology. The crystalline size and properties of the ferrite produced are largely affected by calcinations temperature 3. Sol gel method has the advantage that the crystal growth of particles is easier to control by varying the screw up treatment 11. It was reported that at 500C it produced only maghemite, -Fe2O3. A mixed product of magnetic -Fe2O3 and M-type SrFe12O19 were obtained at 600C. As the calcination temperature increase to 800C and above, there are only M-type SrFe12O19 phase was observed. Sol-gel synthesis is able to produce high yields of SrFe12O19 nanoparticles. It is also able to produce nanocrystallite of cation substituted SrFe12O19. Nanoparticle size of strontium ferrite is desirable and aimed to synthesiz e because nanoparticles tend to give better magnetic properties. Nanoparticles give hardly a(prenominal) magnetic domains, probably single domain. Single domain tends to give high magnetic induction because there are no oppose magnetic domain. Single domain aligns in one direction only. These properties are idol for the making of permanent magnet.1.6 CATION SUBSTITUTION IN SrFe12O19In order to improve the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite, many studies have been carried out. One of them is cation substitution in strontium ferrite. Rare earth and other metal cations are used for substitution for strontium and iron respectively 5. The suspender doping of SrFe12O19 such as a La-Co pair to replace a Sr-Fe pair has been tested 14. The doping, or known as cation substitution, is aim to improve the magnetic properties of strontium ferrite. Cation substitution results in structural changes in strontium ferrite. As the physical properties of ferrite change, the magnetic properties would be affected due to the fact that magnetic properties are compulsive by the arrangement of iron ions in crystal structure. In this study, Co-Ti pair will be doped to the strontium ferrite. Cobalt titanium substitution will produce a quaternary system of the type SrO-Fe2O3-AO where A represents the dopant cation.The cobalt titanium substitution gives rise to the new formula, SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where X is the number of gram seawalleculee of cation substituted in.1.7 Commercial ApplicationsStrontium ferrite is widely used as permanent magnet because it has direction of easy magnetization and the hexagonal c-axis which are perpendicular to the plane of the plate. The properties that are desirable in using as permanent magnet include high saturation magnetization, high remnant magnetization, high coercivity, high Curie temperature and high magnetocrystalline anisotropy.Besides, SrFe12O19 is also commonly used in high-density information storage magnetic recording media. Nanopar ticles of SrFe12O19 with single domain and low coercivity are crucial in used for magnetic recording media. M-type strontium ferrite nanoparticles have attracted much attention due to their good frequency characteristic, low noise, high output, in position, excellent high frequency characteristic and wide dynamic frequency range 4. There are two types of recording medium, namely particulates and thin films. Tape and floppy is categorized in particulate and hard drive is belongs to thin film. Information is stored by magnetizing material. The recording result can apply magnetic field (H) and align domains to magnetize the medium. It can also detect a change in the magnetization of the medium. Magnetic recording media prefers high saturation magnetization adopt it to store as much information. High value of remnant magnetization is required in recording media to make sure that all materials stored in the hard book still remained even the power supply (applied magnetic field) is s witched off. Low coercivity is important in magnetic recording media. When the positive magnetic field is applied, this charging manages the medium to store data. On the other hand, negative magnetic field applied to retrieve back the data, this is called discharges. Therefore, less current is needed to retrieve the data in the low coercivity medium. As a result, less heat generated and this saves the electricity.In general, strontium ferrite has high value of uniaxial anisotropy field, high coercive force and high saturation magnetization. The high coercivity of strontium ferrite has to be lowered down and saturation magnetization has to be simultaneously increased if it is to be useful for magnetic recording purposes. It has been reported that the substitution of cations such as Co(II) for the ion Fe(III) in strontium ferrite has lowered the coercive force. Therefore, many studies were carried out to achieve better magnetic properties of strontium ferrite for commercial applicatio ns.CHAPTER 2 EXPERIMENTALSample PreparationSynthesis of M-type SrFe12O19Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19Sample CharacterizationMagnetic ability quietus MK12.1 Sample Preparation2.1.1 Synthesis of M-type SrFe12O19The sol-gel technique was used to synthesize M-type SrFe12O19 whereby the ethylene glycol acts as gel precursor. The starting materials, strontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)39H2O were used due to their high solubility in ethylene glycol. Calculation below was made to determine the weight of materials needed to be used. congeneric Molecular potbelly of materialsStrontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 = 211.63 g/ bulwarkeIron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)39H2O = 404 g/mol(Note All answers have to be converted into 3 significant figures.)No. of mol of 1 g Sr(NO3)2 = Mass of Sr(NO3)2RMM of Sr(NO3)2= 1g211.63g/mol= 4.725210-3 molSr Fe = 1 12No. of mol of Fe(NO3)39H2O needed = 4.725210-3 mol x 12= 5.670210-2 molMass of Fe(NO3)39H2O needed = No . of mol of Fe(NO3)39H2O needed x RMM ofFe(NO3)39H2O= 5.670210-2 mol x 404g/mol= 22.9 gFrom the calculation, 1g of strontium nitrate and 22.9g of iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates were needed in the synthesis and were weighted. Strontium nitrate would provided 1 mol of strontium ions and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates would provided 12 mol of iron ions in the synthesis of strontium ferrite, which matched the molecular formula of SrFe12O19. The strontium nitrate and iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates were readily dissolve in ethylene glycol with slight heat applied due to their high solubility in it. The sort was heated slightly and stirred with a magnetic bar until the mixture was fully dissolved. The resultant solution is in transparent ruddy color. The magnetic stirring bar was removed.The mixture was heated to 100C and it would slowly transform into a gel form. The gel was dried with continuous heating at 100C for 3 hours. The dried gel was past transferred to a crucible to remove traces o f organic precursor. A mixture of metal oxides in dispersed nanoclusters form was obtained. The dried gel was then annealed in a furnace at 800C for 3 days with protracted ground with a pestle in a mortar after annealed at interval of each day.2.1.2 Synthesis of Cation Substituted SrFe12O19Cation substituted strontium ferrite was synthesized by using cobalt(II) ions and titanium(IV) ions to substitute the iron ions in M-type hexagonal strontium ferrite. The substitution of Co(II) and Ti(IV) gives the compound a new molecular formula, which is SrCoxTixFe12-2xO19 where the x denoted different ratios. In the synthesis of cation substituted SrFe12O19, the ratios of cations used, x, is in between 0.2 to 6.0 (0.2 x 6.0), where x = 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0. The same method exposit in section 2.1.1 was used for the synthesis, by only adding two new starting materials, which are the cobalt(II) nitrate and titanium(IV) ethoxide to give the Co2+ and Ti4+ cations. Calculation as described below was made to train the weight of materials needed respectively.Relative Molecular Mass of materialsStrontium nitrate, Sr(NO3)2 = 211.63 g/molIron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, Fe(NO3)39H2O = 404 g/molCobalt(II) nitrate, Co(NO3)2.6H2O = 291.04 g/molTitanium(IV) ethoxide, Ti(CC2H5)4 = 228.11 g/mol(Note All answers have to be converted into 3 significant figures.)Example used for the calculation SrCo0.2Ti0.2Fe11.6O19, x= 0.2No. of mol of 1 g Ti(CC2H5)4 = Mass of Ti(CC2H5)4RMM of Ti(CC2H5)4= 1g228.11g/mol= 4.383810-3 mol0.2 mol of Ti needed 1 mol of Sr.4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed (4.383810-3 mol x 1) mol of Sr.0.2Therefore, 0.021919 mol of Sr is needed.Mass of Sr(NO3)2 needed = 0.021919mol x 211.63 g/mol= 4.64 g0.2 mol of Ti needed 11.6 mol of Fe.4.383810-3 mol of Ti needed (4.383810-3 mol x 11.6) mol of Sr.0.2Therefore, 0.25426 mol of Fe is needed.Mass of Fe(NO3)39H2O needed = 0.25426mol x 404g/mol= 103 gMass of Co(NO3)2.6H2O needed = 4.383810-3 mol x 291.04g/ mol= 1.28 gThe calculation above were used to calculate the weight of starting materials needed for other cation ratios, x for 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 and 6.0 respectively as well. The weight needed for each material was tabulated in Table 2.1.xWeight of materials needed (g)Sr(NO3)2Fe(NO3)39H2OCo(NO3)2.6H2O0.24.641031.280.42.3251.41.280.61.5531.91.280.81.1123.01.281.00.9317.71.282.00.467.081.283.00.313.541.284.00.231.771.285.00.190.711.286.00.150.001.28Table 2.1 Weight of materials needed for synthesis of Co(II)-Ti(IV) substituted strontium ferriteFor the series of different substitution ratios (x), the corresponding strontium nitrate, iron(III) nitrate-9-hydrates, cobalt(II) nitrate and titanium(IV) ethoxide were weighed and dissolved in 100ml ethylene glycol. The oxides obtained after ignition were then annealed in a furnace at 800C for 3 days with extensive ground with a pestle in a mortar after annealed at interval of each day. The preparation for strontium ferrit e and cation substituted strontium ferrite is shown in Fig. 2.1 in campaign chart array.Figure 2.1 Schematic diagram of the procedure for synthesis of strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted SrFe12O19.Sample CharacterizationMagnetic Susceptibility brace MK1The magnetic properties of strontium ferrite and cobalt-titanium substituted strontium ferrite produced by the method described above were examined using the Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MARK 1 (MK1) by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England. The magnetic susceptibility balance apparatus was shown in Fig. 2.2.Figure 2.2 Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England.The basic design principle of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 was shown in Figure 2.3. Magnetic Susceptibility Balance determines the magnetic properties by placing two couple of moving magnets with the dig in between where the stationary sample is ready to be measured. Basically, the possible departure in the beam and the moveme nt being made of a particular sample either solid or liquid could be observed in a balanced system which possesses a magnetic field. Meanwhile, the coil within the instrument is conducted with current required in order to make compensation of the magnetic force produced by the sample. Either paramagnetic or diamagnetic could be resolved in a plus or minus relatively on display with the aid of the direction that the beam swifts.Figure 2.3 Basic design principle of Magnetic Susceptibility Balance MK1 by Sherwood Scientific Ltd, England.Magnetic susceptibility is defined as when the magnetising field is applied to the sample, how much is the ratio of the intensity of magnetism induced by the sample in response to the magnetising field which it is subject. In this experiment, mass susceptibility was the main concern. Mass susceptibility, xg, is defines by the mathematical formula belowg= v/dWhere d = density of substancev is the volume susceptibility, calculated by using the formulav = I/