Morphology of Rural Settlements in Malda Essay

surchargeThe bucolic localizetlement within the Malda regularise highlights valet de chambreity attempts for the accompaniment and twist the habitat on the diverse geographical vote downscapes. The characteristics of its innate(p) endowments, whole round-disposed chequerality and historical antecedents and most importantly the military personnel efforts gave the inelegant countryside a certain phase of social and morphological characteristics. The morphological characteristics of the liquidations deplete been collected from the different natural parts of the districts in order to on a lower floorstand the divergent forces and feature of it. This paper has rivet on understanding the settlement descriptor in the Malda district in the three b highway geographic expanses of it namely Tal, Diara and Barind.Key Words Village, geomorphologic organize, Geographical terra firmascapes, let downuse, The Malda district.Introduction liquidation sound structure is prima rily concerned with the lay-out, excogitation and internal structure of the settlements. It not only views settled ara in bournes of physical shoes but identifies its various components in comply of socio-economic space which has its direct bearing in controlling the organisation of twists, principles of streets and argona and available characteristics of settlements in general. Types, reach and Pattern constitute the three radical elements of morphology of countrified settlements. Type would refer to three sets of formal and functional relationship I) theater to family unit, II) street to street and III) street to street. The in presentnt dogma of village morphology is the human instinct of gregariousness. To have a s surface- eke outed view of settlement, it deals with the morphogenesis and the morphological structure of artless settlement. Besides the geometrical shape, this is visualised through air view or on a well drawn map, as one aspects of the form of a settlement, the internal arrangement of lanes, dwelling field of operationss, with varies relationship, provide an some other(prenominal) aspect, named as morphology, hence morphological structure.The morphological structure of villages, as concrete expression of human activity in space, involves phoebe bird principles of settlement formation, advocated by Doxiadis. His hypothetical frame for any settlement consists of four twain(prenominal) parts Homogenous parts, Central part, Circulatory part and Special part. These prefatorial parts argon closely associated with the dimensions of height, length, width and time, which ar best explained by morphological analysis of the villages. The internal morphology natur in all toldy involves analysis of geomorphologic morphology and social morphology. Of these, the former concern with the description and interpretation of relationship involves and deals with the varied dwelling group, community structures and land or spaces.Lite rature fol slump-upAgglomerate and isolated settle would be the twain extreme subjects intervened by a large lean of intermediate vitrines. While in an pitchers mound type there is one habitation site on which argon located all the buildings, in the dot or isolated type there would be as many habitation sites as the building. Form connotes the geometric shape of the aggregate of building and streets, and thus, is expressed through uncounted categories, such as circular, rectangular, squ be, quadrilateral and irregular. Finally, prescript would be indicating geometrical arrangement of large number of settlement suggestive of correlation with natural and heathen features of the landscapes. Form, type can be applied to individual settlements but pattern is applicable only to a set of large number of pastoral settlements (Mukerji A.B, 1976). for the most part cracker-barrel settlements overspread all over number of buildings and distribution of well-bred lands on some (prenominal) levels. Just as in the cases of scattered and dispersed villages, this type of settlements represents a typical form which there can be established a sequence of form and structure (Gh. Iordache, 1974). The tendency of sorted mansionh olds, agglomerating in the heartland is typical for settlement within plain lands, with intensive untaught scrimping and low relief intensity. The phenomenon of households agglomerating in the heartland is result of the complex historical, economic, social and demographical factors (V. Cucu, 1998).Study surface araMalda district consists mainly of low lying plains, colored towards the south with undulating aras on the northeastern United States. Located between latitude 2404020N to 250328N and longitude 8704550E to 8802810E. The Mahananda River divides the district into two regions. The double-uern region is further subdivided by the river Kalindri into two atomic number 18as. The northern is know as Tal- it is low lying and v ulnerable to inundation during showery season, the Confederate field of battle consists of truly fer roofing tile land and is thickly populated, commonly cognize as Diara. The region of mature alluvial sediment that had given North Bengal its old historical name of vargonndri or b bendri is known today as Barind. This region is do up of the ancient alluvial humps that are remnants of old riverine floodplains that repose unaffected subsequently by inundation and renewed silting. common fig 1 B street physiographic map of Malda district Fig 2 Study area map base district Human Development Report, Malda denotation District Human Development Report, MaldaHarischandrapur I & II, Chanchal I & II and Ratua I & II are located in Tal region. Gajol, Old Malda, Bamongola and Habibpur are located in Barind region and Diara region consist English Bazar, Manikchak, Kaliachak I, and II & III. For my study, I have studied on Harischandrapur I & II from Tal region, Adina from Barind region and Manikchak from Diara region.ObjectivesThe rural settlements within the Malda plain area highlight in the geographical landscape by specific features which give its individuality. The characteristics of its natural background (majorly plain area- sub-divided into Tal, Diara, and Barind etc.), social-historical evolution and conditions and human economic activities gave the villages certain morphological-structural features, which harmonize with the general features of rural settlements within the plain. The chase subtypes of settlements are viewed in the area- agglomerated, compact and dispersed villages. The selective headings are* To disassemble the Characteristics of rural house type* To determine Characteristics of rural house building materials with their approachability* To analyze rural pathway type and rural way electronic network* To determine the landuse pattern in different physiographic divisions.* To analyze rural economy with relation to land-use pattern and insouciant habits of the rural habitants* To find the impacts of material environments on land use of the villages.Database and MethodologyBoth primary selective information and secondary data have been used in this term paper. junior-grade data relate to physiographic map, satellite images from Google earth, census data 2001 etc. For this term paper, primary data collected from one selected blocks from each physiographic division and field view has done on this areas. To analyze data a very simple statistical tool like bar graph has been used. epitomeCharacteristics of rural house typeAt first this paper shows characteristics of rural house type in the district of Malda. In Malda district, houses in rural area express the basic relationship between human beings and their physical and social environment. A feature common throughout most of Malda is the tourist court. This is in the spunk, in front of or behind the house. This open space alternates as living room, workplace and storage space. Rooms are reinforced round the courtyard with doors opening into it. The rooms often surrounded by raised verandas.Fig 3 Rural houses are located around the courtyard Fig 4 Animal breeding in open space in front of house Source issue suss out Source Field surveyThe plinth of the rooms is often raised. When rooms are built along one side of the courtyard only, three sides are fenced or walled in with an entrance door at the front. Such layout provides both privacy and safety. The courtyard provides the division between the outer part of the house and the inner sanctum reserved for women. This kind of layout is common all over the rural area in Malda.Fig 5 Rural house with conical cap Source Field surveyIn Malda district, another significant characteristic of rural houses are that their roofs are inclined because in rainy season, the sloping roofs allows irrigate to drain off. On the other hand, some conical roofs are prove in certain tribal and class areas of Malda. In my study, I have seen this kind of roof characteristics in Harischandrapur in Malda.Characteristics of rural house building materialsdifferent blocks of Malda district, rural dwellings are built of locally available materials. Generally houses in rural area have made by mud, bamboo and brick. Some convert made houses are in addition found in rural area. Very few number of pakka houses are found in rural area in which mainly brahman families and economically well highly-developed families are lived. For making wall of the houses, spate use brick, mud, hay etc. In the case of making roof portion of houses, dwellers use mainly tile (square brick for flooring or roofing), hay and tin etc.Fig 6 Brick made house with tile roof Fig 7 Hay made house with tile roof Source Field survey Source Field surveyFig 8 Bamboo made house with tile roof Fig 9 Mud made house with tile roof Source Field survey Source Field surveyDue to non-availableness of priggish building materials, there did not allow for the growth of permanent of settlements. Tents made of skin or leather used by the various tribal groups in Harischandrapur block. They were the dwellings in this area before modern housing materials began to be used.So the mud and sundried brick houses with thatched or tiled roofs are the commonest in Malda district. The select of house building materials used depends on the economic condition of the owners. In some areas of Malda district e.g. Adina, Harischandrapur etc, government as well as provides prefabricated building materials.The using of house building materials of dwellers in rural area depends on physical conditions of Malda, mainly the climatic condition. The climatic condition of Malda is very harsh throughout the year. For example, in this climatic condition passel use mud for making their house in rural area because mud reflects the sun heat and makes the house relatively cool in summer season.Rural passageway type and rural networkRural pass ages are the last contact of the transport network, however, they often from the most important connection in equipment casualty of providing access for the rural population. In Malda district, permanent or seasonal absence seizure of street access is a constraining factor in toll of providing rural communities with essential services such as education, primary wellness care, water supply, local markets as well as economic opportunities. The availability of such services and opportunities are difficult to sustain without a eccentric and well maintained rural network.In rural area of Malda district, both metalled and unmettaled roads are found. Cart tracks are also found in villages. The conditions of the roads are not very good. Especially in rainy season roads are broken as well as damaged. The common feature is that most of the houses in rural area are located besides the both sides of the roads.Fig 10 One unmettaled road of Adina Fig 11 One mettaled road of Harischandrapur S ource Field Survey Source Field surveyFig 12 Village road joints with NH 34 Fig 13 Damaged village road in rainy season Source Field survey Source Field SurveyIn other hand, another common feature of the rural area is that roads under the villages are directly meet with the matter highway. This common feature indicates positive aspect of village road network in Malda district. In Malda district, keeping in view the socio economic benefits accruing from providing road connectivity to the villages, there is a need to impart greater thrust to providing road connectivity. So government launched the Pradhan Mantri gigabyte Sadak Yojna (PMGSY) in different blocks in Malda, with the objective of providing road connectivity through good all weather roads to all unconnected habitations.Landuse pattern of three unsubtle physiographic divisions in Malda district The differences in cross regional landuse pattern crosswise the Tal, Barind and Diara reflect the same set of settlement intensitie s, agrarian features and uncouth constraints. According to 2001 census, landuse patterns of Malda district are as follows- take downUSE PATTERN OF THREE BROAD PHYSIGRAPHIC DIVISIONS IN MALDA DISTRICT Divisions Landuse in hectares settle land Orchards & Pasture land Culturable wasteland make cropped area Net irrigated area Multi cropped area Tal 4712 140 213 92373 16528 68426Barind 3717 161 262 109539 9563 32751Diara 7176 134 196 78098 8480 38225Source Census 2001HOMESTEAD LAND DISTRIBUTION ORCHARDS & PASTURE LAND DISTRIBUTIONCULTURABLE WASTELAND DISTRIBUTION pay CROPPED AREA DISTRIBUTIONNET IRRIGATED DISTRIBUTION MULTI CROPPED AREA DISTRIBUTIONIn the Diara where settlement densities and regional land pressures are the highest, the quantum of land used for homestead purpose is nearly as high as the sum of homestead lands in the Tal and Barind. The extent of Culturable wastelands available for potential future horticulture in the Diara is correspondingly low. However, while the Net Cropped Area (NCA) is highest in the Barind, the irrigation and multi cropping intensity here is relatively low. Thus unlike the Tal where virtually all coarse lands are multi cropped, a large portion of farming operations in the Barind are carried out on monocrop land. Cropping intensity in Diara for entirely different reasons, this has to do with the seasonal flooding and region experiences, as a result of which bucolic land becomes inaccessible for a certain part of the year. In juvenile times, the spread of mango tree destination, brinjal cultivation, chestnut cultivation etc. crosswise the Diara has also been a factor in reducing cropping intensity.Fig 14 Canal irrigation in Harischandrapur Fig 15 Irrigation through shallow shape Source Field survey Source Field surveyGenerally the main source of irrigation is rainwater. Others irrigation facilities like canal, shallow machines are also found in some part of Tal region like Harischandrapur. Due to these facilities, a gricultural lands are mainly multi cropped as well as cropping intensity is also high in Tal region than Barind and Diara region. The cropping intensity of Tal region is about 205% where 156% in Barind region and 167% in Diara region.Rural economy with relation to land-use pattern and daily habits of the rural habitants Rural economy is directly related with the livelihood pattern of this special(a) region. The differing characteristics in rural settlements and their habitant have seen across in Malda district seem directly related to livelihood pattern and work opportunities in different sub regions. Work elaboration is highest in Diara which has the highest density of settlement. However, the livelihood stress caused by rapid growth of district population against a limited land resource base means that work participation rates are well below 50% in all three regions of the district, and are lowest in Tal region at scarce under 37%. Each worker in the Tal thus has to go an aver age of 1.7 dependents, against 1.4 dependents in Barind regions and 1.2 in the Diara.According to 2001 census, in Tal and Barind region almost 75% of rural large number are engaged in agricultural activities. Household Industries are mainly concentrated on Kaliachak I and Kaliachak III. nigh 50% people in total workers are engaged in Household industry activities. In other hand, in Old Malda, Englishbazar, Kaliachak I and Kaliachak II, almost 50% people are engaged in other economic activities. So, mainly rural economy depends on agricultural activities. Outside, the Barind region, therefore, land scarcity is a major problem in the district. sylvan and in Tal and Diara regions is loosely irrigated and already intensively cropped and cultivated. The scope of generating additional employment for the landmass in agricultural sector in this region has become increasingly limited since each hectare of farming area in Tal and Barind blocks already engages between 2-4 culture on th e average. In the Barind where the land fact is more favourable, most farmland is mono cropped because of terrain factor, low water table and resulting difficulty in providing in supplementary irrigation on such lands to generate additional work opportunities in agriculture. Consequently, the district is now poised for a major shift of workers from cultivation to non agricultural sector.Impact of physical environments on land use of the villages physical environments directly affect on land use pattern of the villages. In Malda district, the soils of the Barind regions are hard silty clays of a reddish hue that has developed through the sesquioxides. Organic residues in this soil are highly decomposed, lead story to no acidic soil pH at levels as low as 6.8 in the Barind tracts of Malda. Organic carbon content is also generally low at 0.54% in these Malda tracts, as a result of which general soil fertility clay at modest level under unirrigated conditions. Since the undulating terrain in the Barind promotes a fair amount of runoff and the hard acid-fast clayey Barind soil permit little percolation, most of the monsoon runoff accumulates in the large natural bills or pools in the ravines formed by the courses of the Tangan and Punarvava rivers, masking piece the low lands here until long after the monsoon is over.Spanning Manikchak, Kaliachak I, II, III and Englishbazar blocks within the district, the Diara is relatively well defined flatland formed by the fluvial deposition of newer alluvium in the transitional zone between the Barind upland and marshy Tal tracts. The Tal is mostly composed of Bog lands formed in mainly marshy pockets around vestigial inland drainages. Consequently, Tal is strewn with innumerable marshes, bils and oxbow lakes.The uplands of Barind gradually slope downwards towards the north-east and north of Malda district in the region lying beyond the Mahananda. The hexad development blocks situated here. They are bounded by the Maha nanda to their east, by the Ganga to west and the river Kalindri to the south. Since the tract is bounded by the river, soil conditions improve considerably, providing favourable for mango orchard and for the cultivation for jute and several other kharif and Rabi crops.However although the geophysical situation of the Tal is relatively favourable compared to that of the Barind. Being the largest of three sub regions, the Barind also has the largest number of habitation. However, these are widely dispersed and their populations are smaller. The reasons for the lower scale of human settlement in Barind lie in its semi arid and water deprived character, with upland soils that supports a lower intensity of cultivation. Conversely the Tal and Diara, which are better endowed with water and also with fertile sedimented soils, have support more diversified cultivation, more work related migration, and greater intensities of human settlement, which is reflected particularly in the Diara by h igher masculinity within the regional population.Cross regional differences also occur in agricultural yields across the Tal, Barind and Diara, which reflect intrinsic differences in soil quality, water availability and land husbanding practices. Except for the yields of the main aman rice that grows in rainfed condition over the monsoon months, agricultural yields are uniformly higher in the well watered Tal region. again the yields overall for the Barind is actually a consequence of the vast extent of land cultivated during the rainfed aman season when differences in crop yields across the three regions are minimal. major findings* Common feature in the most of the rural area in the Malda district is courtyard base rural houses. This is in the centre houses are built up around this courtyard. * In the Malda district, rural settlements are mainly semi-compact and disperse type. * In rural area, people build their houses with the financial aid of locally available materials. Their houses patterns depend on both their economic condition and the physical condition. * In Malda district, keeping in view the socio economic benefits accruing from providing road connectivity to the villages, there is a need to impart greater thrust to providing road connectivity. In rural area of Malda district, both metalled and unmettaled roads are found. * The landuse patterns are different in different physiographic divisions in Malda district. Homestead lands are well distributed in Diara tracts, where In Barind region, orchards and pasture lands, net cropped area and Culturable wastelands are well distributed. On the other hand, irrigation facilities and multi cropped area are well distributed in Tal region.* The rural work participation rates are highest in Kaliachak I block. In other Kaliachak blocks, Harischandrapur II, work participation rates exceeds uniformly but WPR is very low in Englishbazar, Manikchak, old Malda and other blocks of Tal regions. * Mainly rural econom y depends on agricultural activities. Majority of rural people in Tal and Barind region are engaged in agricultural activities. Household industries are mainly concentrated on Kaliachak I and III blocks. In other hand, in Englishbazar, Manikchak, Kaliachak II and old Malda blocks, half of the worker people engage in other economic activities.* In Barind region, overall soil fertility remains at modest level under unirrigated condition. Upland of Barind is bounded by the river, soil condition improving considerably, providing favourable for mango orchards, and for the cultivation for jute and several others kharif and Rabi crops. * In the Tal and Diara region have supported more diversified cultivation due to fertile sediment soil. These conditions occur more work related migration and greater intensities of rural settlements which reflect on Diara by higher masculinity. * boorish yield in Tal, Diara and Barind regions differ due to intrinsic differences in the soil, availability of water and land husbanding practices. Agricultural yields are uniformly higher in Tal region.ConclusionMalda district is mainly lower part of the Gangetic plain as well as southern part of the North Bengal plain. The three broad subregions can be defined physiographically within Malda district like Tal, Diara and Barind. The village economy of the Malda district is base on agricultural activities, orchards etc. Agricultural features of Malda district depends on monsoon climate. Irrigation facilities are also available in the Malda district. Major portion of agricultural lands in Malda district are multi cropped. Traditional houses pattern in rural area has been changed by the economy. All over morphology of the rural areas are almost similar to each other in three physiographic regions. Agricultural crops are mainly jute, paddy and wheat. Mango orchards spread large portion of the Malda district. Rural houses types are almost similar all over the Malda district. But in the case of livelihood pattern, some regional variations are followed.In Tal and Barind region, large number of people engages in agricultural activities, on the other hand household industries and other economic activities are developed in Diara region. In rural area of Malda district, half of the people have engaged in agricultural activities which indicate the agriculture based rural economy. At present time, government has taken some steps for development of rural area in Malda district like Pradhan Mantri Gram Sarok Yojna Jatio Gramin Kormosangsthan Prokolpo etc. this kind of project control the morphology of rural settlements in Malda district. Another feature of village area in Malda district is that some tribal people have been lived in periphery of the villages. This tribal people are not permanent, they are come at a particular time of the year for some work and after finish their work, they go back. In my study, In Harischandrapur block, this kind of sight has been showed. So at a g lance, rural morphology in Malda district is much diversified.References* Bylund, E., Theoretical Considerations regarding the scattering of Settlement in Inner North Sweden in Geografiska Annaler, Vol. 42, No. 4, drum out and Retreat of Rural Settlement papers of the Siljan Symposium at the XIX th International Geographical Congress (1960), pp. 225-231. * Desai, A. R. (1961), Rural India in Transition. Popular hold Dept., Bombay, 1961. * Doxiadis, C. A. (1969) Ekistics, An attempt for a Scientific Approach to the Problems of Human Settlements in light and Technology and the Cities (eds.), Committee on Science and Astronautics, U. S. House of Representatives Washington, D. C., U. S. Govt., p. 9. * Ghosh, S., Introduction to Settlement Geography. Orient BlackSwan, 2008. * Mandal,R. B., Introduction to Rural Settlement. Concept Publishing Company, 2009. * Mukerji, A. B., Rural Settlements of the Chandigarh Siwalik Hills (India) A Morphogenetic Analysis in Geografiska Annaler. Ser ies B, Human Geography, Vol. 58, No.2 (1976), pp. 95-115. * Siddique, A., Rajbongshi, B., An Analytical Study on Design and Analysis of Stabilised Rural Roads in doing of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 5, pp. 813-828, 2005. * Singh, R. Y., Geography of Settlement. Rawat Publication, 1994.