Economic Problem of Pakistan Essay

In this way intellection is the melodic theme of our voluntary appearance. Characteristics Of mentation- * b new-fashioned-made(prenominal)- in that location is a received occupation, which has no readymade resultant underlying each and every thinking assist. * Associations- Thinking has a chain of associative thoughts and ideas which help to solve the task. * analysis And Synthesis- Analysis and synthesis ar two used in thinking. Every survey of conundrum is formerly analyzed separately and latterly all of these aspects argon synthesized to examine the relationship between stimuli and repartees. * Presence Of Stimuli-Thinking does non inquire the presence of stimuli or objects to be sensed. * Physical Condition- The physical spring is at rest during thinking . However, slight movement in the muscles, fingers, hands, arms, shoulders, eyebrows, lips and larynx are noticed in thinking. * Words And Language- Verbal symbols are used in thinking in a sub call activi ty. An soulfulness talks to himself in a low tone * ancestry Of Knowledge- Thinking is a source of knowledge and is a taller(prenominal) mental process in gentlemans gentleman beings. Animal also suck in thinking but lesser then human beings. Animal thinking is purposive in nature and is expressed in the primary stage. gracious thinking is to a greater extent progressive and higher then animals as his smell is much complex. Types Of Thinking There are two types of thinking * autistic or crooked thinking * virtual(prenominal) or straight thinking * Autistic Thinking- This type of thinking is of free associative ideas in which an individual remains busy in wishful thinking and satisfies his unconscious desires, unsolved fusss and conflicts. It occur when an individual fails to satisfy his desires, fails io extend to his goals and aims of life.Types Of Autistic Thinking It screw be further divided into two types * Fantasy or twenty-four hour period dreaming * Dreams Realis tic or Straight Thinking- Realistic thinking is a process which helps in line firmness in the real env crusadement with the use of practical neurophysiologic process of overt behavior in productive and reproductive thinking. Types Of Realistic Thinking It can be further divided into three types * Problem declaration * cogitate * originative thinking 1-Problem Solving comment Of Problem- A situation when a person finds either obstacles on the way to goal achievements in a young and strange situation and he does not have any readymade education or knowledge to cope with the situation Solution of problem- accord to Jackson and Hyson Problem solving is the scientific practical contestation of neurophysiologic process instead of theoretical groundment of the internal thinking process and encyclopedism. Problem solving cycle- In short problem solving is a process which occurs in the presence of problem arising situation. Types Of Problem- Problem are categorized in three ways * establishment problems Arrangement problem require the problem convergent thinker to rearrange or recombine the elements in a way that will satisfy a trusted criterion Example Scrabbles in which we arrange different letters to pull out words * Inducing structureInducing structure requires a solver to identify the existing relationship among the elements presented and then construct a new relationship among them. * Transformation problems Problem gives you provided the lolly and end state and the procedure or method acting to be followed Example The problem of jerk of Hanoi, in which 52 rings are to placed using the 3 pegs only with the condition that you cannot place a bigger ring on the smaller one Such problem are solved by the * Knowledge * Trial and error method presented by Thorndike * Insight method presented by Koehler Thorndikes experimentIn 1898, Thorndike constructed problem boxes made of iron bars for many experiment. He used to imprison the hungry cats in thes e boxes and unplowed their sustenance a piece of meat outside. The cats could see their food through with(predicate) these problems boxes or the cages. Food performanceed as an incentive or positivist reinforcement for the cat to come out and get foods. The problem was how to rotate the door? These doors could be opened by pulling the cord or pressing the lever or by moving clutch go bad Of Thorndike experiment He observed that the cats roundtimes hit their teeth or paw or the nose on the bars and used different method.Accidently they succeeded to open the door He conclude that the animal not only learn by trial and error but also can retain their learning by the method of association of thoughts between yesteryear and present experiences. This is bases on productive thinking INSIGHT METHOD Experiment In 1925 a gestalt psychologist Kohler said that Trial and error is not equal in problem solving. Insight is also necessary for the problem solving Kohler conducted experimen t on monkeys to see how the monkeys solved their problems of getting bananas hanged so high in the center of ceiling.In one experiment he kept boxes in a corner and in the other experiment he kept small position out tos. stopping point He observed the monkeys in low experiment tried to get bananas by jumping high. In other experiment Kohler observed that the monkeys made use of the stick. It inserted punted end of one stick into other sticks. laterward in 1926 he modified the process of brain wave is not a sudden act it recurs in the light of chivalric experiences along with the perceptual organization. This was based on reproductive thinking Conclusion Of Both Experiments Researches show that some problems are solved by trials and error, and some other are solved by insight.Herbert birch in 1945 gave stick to the four year old monkeys in a cage, and placed their food outside. Only one monkey used this stick as a tool to get its food, this monkey has already used this stick. The other monkeys were tending(p) three days to play with sticks. These monkeys attained the experience of looking into the sticks, peeping through the holes, pressing and touching things beyond approach. Then on the fourth day they were able to solve their problems with the sticks. The solution of a problem attained by insight is not purely new but it is the consequence of the learning of past experiences.Factors influencing the problem solving Following are the factors which influence the problem solving * Intensity of the motivation It is the general view that the stronger motive provokers more struggle to solve the problem. Weaker motive creates distraction, stronger motive creates functional fixedness and strong suit motive is the best for problem solving as it encourage new responses. * Functional fixedness Functional fixedness is an inability to see the new use for a familiar tool. So a response set hinders the problem solving. * Response SetResponse set is a constant ten dency to respond to a situation in a genuine manner, according to gestalt principle of perceptual organization wholeness, roll upiveness and relativeness become the habit family power structure which cause hindrance in changing the response set and a rigidity causes stickyy in problem solving * Past dwell Past experience is facilitating in problem solving of the similar situational problem but is a hindrance in the new situation * private Context Every individual is influenced by his personal values, faith and church doctrine and does not want to change his response set beyond it. affable Set Mental se is to prepare mentally to do certain things in certain order. Mental set may be facilitating in problems solving for the desired situation. * Frustration and strive Too much stress and frustration cased by failure in the most tall(prenominal) problem decrease the problem solving efficiency. * Social background An individual seldom has his individual problem as he does not g ive out alone. He is an integral part of the society and he has to interact at heart the society, so his problems are loving problems as a consequence of social interactions. 2- argument DefinitionAccording to Philip G. Zimbardo argumentation is a purposive thinking which collects information or data most the problem and to work on it in a traditional or a new way. Types Of Reasoning There are three types of abstract thought * Deductive reason * Inductive reasoning * Evaluative reasoning Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning produce on the basis of past knowledge. It draws conclusion from general bits of knowledge to particular presents. It follows the rules of Aristotelian logic. Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning is the essence of imaginative thinking both in science and arts.It leads from specific present to the more general conclusion. In this type of reasoning the thinkers build from known to unknown, and he may give more than one conclusion. Thus the conclusion is not totally predictable. Evaluative Reasoning Evaluative reasoning is critical in nature. It judges the correctness or suitability of an idea. The validity of the conclusion depends both upon the reasoning process and the standard used. Step Of Evaluative Reasoning According to Holliman there are five steps in evaluative reasoning i. Establishing of the purpose and standard for the appropriate process ii.Evaluating the solution to proceed further iii. Finding out the correct responses to achieve the goals iv. Arranging the sequence of the responses and solutions to achieve the goal in time v. Compare the drawn conclusion with the apt(p) standard to check validation and success Steps Of Reasoning * Identifying The Problems Reasoning cant take place in the absence of problem The problem must be sated explicitly so that its important may be evident and one should try to reason out for its solution * Preparation For The Collection Of InformationThe second step is to prepare him to collect data and the necessary information about the problem by see relative books by arranging the responses achieve from the past knowledge. * Analysis The leash step is to analysis to collect data according to its merits and demerits * Synthesis after(prenominal) analysis one has to synthesis data by classifying correct and wrong separately in systematic order to draw result. * Evaluation The die hard step is to evaluate the result to check the validity and reliability Principles Of Reasoning * Problem must be real.The information collected about the problem must be tangible. Reasoning must be clear, solid and evident. * Reasoning must be according to the proved logic. 3- Creative Thinking Definition According to Zimbardo and Ruche Creative thinking is the occurrence of uncommon or fantastic but appropriate responses. Creativity is the process of choosing and shaping appropriate authority for a problem which lead an important discovery. Basically the originative response is not predictable until it is made a standard for the judgment of in store(predicate) creativity. Steps Of Creative Thinking Following are the steps of creative thinking. * Preparation Preparation is the first step in creative work.It start when a person observe natural phenomenon deeply, reads books, magazines and interact with creative heap of his interest. * Incubation Incubation is a period of postponing the thinking process about a certain problems for creativity. Sometimes the preparation period is so longs or the ideas and information stored in mind are so overloaded that it becomes difficult for source to choose and shape appropriately.Inspiration or illumination After or sometimes during the incubation period of rest, suddenly creators mind has a flash of light or illumination. He is invigorate to write down in an automatic way. Verification And Elaboration The last step of creative thinking is of the verification and elaboration. At this step the creator reviews his creation, check his mistakes, verifies it according to the social norms present it to the public, asks for their critical views and opinions about his work and tries to update it accordingly. Characteristic Of The Creative People According to psychologist creative belongs to human traits. It is shown that there I particular patterns of psychological traits that characterized creative people disregardless of their age, cultural background and areas of work.