One Flew Over The Cuckoo`s Nest Essays (1377 words) - Nurse Ratched

One Flew Over The Cuckoo`s Nest What is reality? The novel One Flew Over The Cuckoo's Nest, written by Ken Kesey, explores living in a mental institution through the mind of a patient. As the reader begins the novel, they would naturally think that a patient found in a mental hospital would be insane. As Kesey introduces you to the patients, and you see the institution in their eyes, you believe that they are really normal people, and society is insane. The main character, Chief Bromden is a half Indian man, who is considered schizophrenic. Randall McMurray, the newest patient in the ward, causes many difficult situations for the Nurse. Nurse Ratched is the authority figure for the patients and likes everything to be run her way. A man who is known as Chief Bromden, the main character, starts as seeming to be a shy, weak man. This is shown in the first chapter on page three, when a caretaker of the institution talks of him while he is present, "Big enough to eat apples off my head an' he mine me like a baby." Chief Bromden is in the hospital because he is schizophrenic, and is considered deaf and dumb, because he never talks or acknowledges people. At the end of the novel, McMurray becomes a vegetable because of all of the shock treatments he had received. Bromden displays that he is caring by smothering him with a pillow, because he knows that McMurray would not want to live like that. One of the reasons that people find him shy is that he would much rather be quiet, and observe his surroundings. Page 26-27 (Bromden thinking of Nurse Ratched) "I've watched her get more skillful over the years. Practice has steadied and strengthened. her until she wields a sure power that extends in all directions on hair-like wires, too small for anybody's eye but mine; I see her sit in the center of this web of wires like a watchful robot, tend her network with mechanical skill, know every second which wire runs where and just what current to send up to get the results she wants" Chief Bromden is the smartest, most caring and gentle man in this novel. He is the kind of guy that many people would like to know, and associate themselves with. The Chief stands out from the rest of the men of the ward. Physically, he stands out by being half Indian, with long, black oily hair. Also, he is a very large man, standing 6'7" and having a very muscular build, from playing football when he was a teenager. He stands out mentally by being a "chronic." "Across the room are the culls of the Combine's product - the chromic. Not in the hospital, these, to get fixed, but just to keep them from walking around the streets giving the product a bad name. Chronics are in for good, the staff concedes. Chronics are divided into Walkers, like me, and the Wheelers. What the chronic are, are machines with flaws inside that can't be repaired." The Chief thinks of the outside world to be a "Combine," which is used throughout the novel. The chief is very different from the men living in the hospital alongside him. Randle Patrick McMurray is the newest addition to the ward. He is compared with two people throughout the novel. His physical traits are compared with that of Paul Bunyan's. McMurray is red headed, has long red side burns and curly hair. He has a broad chest and jaw and has a distinct red scar that runs along his nose and cheekbone. Another prominent feature of his, is a tattoo on his left hand of an anchor. McMurray's large, beat-up hands and tanned body are a result of many years working on a farm, P. 12, "His face and neck and arms are the color of ox blood leather." He is the most recent addition to the ward, and one of the reasons he was placed there was because he is obsessed with sex and committed statutory rape with a 15-year-old girl. The second person they compare McMurray to is Christ. He goes through a kind of crucifixion when he begins a series of electric shock treatments. When the attendant places salve on his temples, McMurray says, P 270, "Anointest my head with conductant. Do I get a crown of thorns?" Randall McMurray's role is obvious in the world, described to be a cross between Paul Bunyan and Christ. McMurray's personality is very

Lifes Colors essays

Life's Colors essays Got the blues? I might know why. Color affects many more aspects of our lives than most people realize. The colors and color schemes in our surroundings can affect taste, mood, the way we think, productivity levels and even how active we are. Underestimated by many, color adds variety and flavor to the everyday world. I thought the video; Color in Everyday Life did a good job of expressing how the use of color can really have an effect on us. No single color has the same effect on everyone. Advertisers use color association extensively. They have realized that products with certain colored packages sell better than others. White is considered a clean, pure color, and is often very successful when placed on the outside of a laundry detergent box. Colors can stir impulses in people, making them want to satisfy a need. Many food products come in red packages or have red on their labels to grab and capture attention and make you stop and pick it up. Color is also said to influence the taste and quality of an item as well. Studies report that to many, beverages in darker glass bottles have a better taste than those in clear bottles. Although I picked these few examples out, for the most part, Color in Everyday Life did a mediocre job of giving examples of products or advertisements, only mentioning a few. Color is perceived differently to all people, however these common color associations are universal for most. Previously mentioned, red is the color of fire and blood, so it is associated with energy, danger, strength, power, determination as well as passion, desire, and love. It has very high visibility, which is why it is used for stop signs. Yellow is associated with joy, happiness, intellect, and energy. It produces a warming effect, arouses cheerfulness, stimulates mental activity, and is said to be the first color infants recognize. Blue is the color of the sky and sea. It is conside...

Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Report - Assignment Example The company is aware that employees must be qualified for specific positions to ensure that the company prospers in the market. This is demonstrated through the intensive training that the company gives to newly hired employees into the staff of stell ar award –wining service providers. Basically, Ritz -Carlton Hotel Company begins their long process of incorporating individuals into the Company through orientation, a key process that created a team of employees who share the same vision and goals. At Ritz –Carlton Hotel Company, assessment of needs is important as it enables the Human Resource manager to ground justification for development of a training program to determine the actual needs of our associates or employees. Moreover, the Company has numerous learning strategies ought to be applied in relation to induction of new staff, customer service, interpersonal skills, over and above, development of team skills and leadership skills. After learning strategies have been implemented through various training sessions, it is important to evaluate them to fully establish their effectives. Basically, measuring the effectiveness of such programs consumes valuable time and resources although it is worth the course. Of importance to note is that the business environment is continuously flowing. Introduction Human resource management is a practise that focuses on the level of performance in an organization. In essence, its focal point is based on both individual and team work performance in various department in an organization. Besides, it uses management systems to assess the organizational performance, over and above, creating a sustaining competitive advantage so as to achieve a considerable financial performance (Armstrong, 2007). Consequently, HR architecture incorporates competencies, employee behaviour practises and system that have a great role in the utilization and management of human resource. During implementation of the human resource, a n organization should put more focus on key strengths and potentiality that are necessary. In light of this, Ritz –Carlton Hotel Company has for the second time received an award of the Baldrige National Quality, and is continuously earning top ratings from leisure industry (Kapoor et al., 2012). It is worth noting that the awards and excellent customer service had emanated from a strategic human resource practise that has dominated the company. Apparently, the company is aware that employees must be qualified for specific positions to ensure that the company prosper in the market. This is demonstrated through the intensive training that the company gives to newly hired employees into the staff of stell ar award –wining service providers. Basically, Ritz -Carlton Hotel Company begins their long process of incorporating individuals into the Company through orientation, a key process that created a team of employees who share the same vision and goals. Armstrong, 2007 ar gues that orientation infuses new employees with the company character, over and above, getting information about the history of the company and its endeavours. After general operations, employees are placed according to their qualifications. Job-specific training is designed and delivered by five best employees in each job category. For instance, waiters attend training sessions with veteran waiters who serve as coaches (Martin, 2006). Through this,

Compare and contrast the social welfare and social workfare-ism models Essay

Compare and contrast the social welfare and social workfare-ism models of citizenship and evaluate their links to political globalization - Essay Example But the policy in this world regarding this is that, if you want to attain something you’ll need to work for it. That’s the reason why there is a must to find a job for every individual, to support their living and continue surviving in this crucial world. And one of the economic problems of each country is the continuously increasing of the number of their people who are unemployed and underemployed. Government organizations worldwide are now in action to dissolve this economic problem. There came social institutions to help build up individual’s function as interdependent units, that each of them are carrying out the full range of his or her roles and responsibilities to have a functional and effective society. The social welfare is opened for everyone. They helped human kind to find their way for a more realistic living with functions in its society. The social workfare came to be presented to the people to achieve the aims and goal in which they provide their people the opportunity and success to help build up a strong community. People of the state will all take advantage of these wonderful opportunities that will help improve their living. The people behind this organized institutions formulated some programs like Non-Formal Education program. This kind of proposals and activity project on a country serves as a support for the foundation of an individual. As we all know that every individual serves as the foundation of a society, and to have a strong society we need a strong foundation also. Every citizen composed a state and should be well founded. This workfare is included under the political stands. Government sectors are responsible of taking good care of its people. Their first aim before taking their position must be for the common good of the people and not for their selves. They take the oath for the common good. Because of having the

Response Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Response Paper - Essay Example In addition, the context that the author uses is more persuading as compared to Frye’s article. This is because Brady uses a more personal perspective when putting across her points. Here, Brady uses herself as the main point of reference, which makes the argument livelier and convinces more because it is written from a personal perspective. The choice of words in Brady’s article is also strategic in that the article is easy to comprehend by almost any individual in the society. This implies that it was written for the general audience. It also incorporates an interesting theme, which any person would like to read. On the other hand, Frye’s article argues using a second individual as the point of reference. This makes the article less convincing as compared to one that is written from a personal perspective. In addition, the choice of words by Frye is carefully done for a specific group of the population; the highly literate. Frye is also judging when he gives a general perspective on how most people think and misuse the word ‘think’. This article is not only less convincing because of the judgmental style used but also because of difficult word choice application. The title of the article is also negative and discouraging. The author also uses colloquially especially in the title. The main theme that the author adopts, which is that thinking takes place when an individual puts down ideas using the right words is confusing. This is because this theme does not specify what is meant by ‘right words’. This is in contrast to Brady’s theme, which is straightf orward requiring less effort in understanding. Brady’s theme gives the reader an immediate idea that the article would encompass certain reasons as to why the wife is needed. Frye’s article is confusing. This is one of the main reasons why I view this article as least

Social Networking Websites Usage Towards Academic Performance Education Essay

Social Networking Websites Usage Towards Academic Performance Education Essay This chapter covers about the literature review on the Social Networking Sites (SNS) usage towards academic performance. The resources used in this chapter such as books and articles are from e-book available in the Internet and Perpustakaan Tun Abdul Razak (PTAR) collections. The collections used are primary and secondary sources which were obtained from the interviews, printed and online version of books and articles. The articles used are available in PTAR library databases such as Science Direct, Emerald Management Extra, H.W. Wilson, ProQuest and others. The journal titles that were referred to are Computers in Human Behavior, Computers Education, Computers and Composition and many more. The keywords used during the searching process such as Social Networking Sites (SNS), Facebook, Computer and Internet use, SNS and student performance. This chapter will cover five sections which are computer and Internet use, social networking use, SNS and academic performance, factors of usin g SNS and also usefulness of SNS towards student performance. 2.1 Academic performance In educational institutions, students usually being analyses and evaluate based on their performance in their academic. It refers to how students deal with their studies and how they cope with or accomplish different tasks given to them by their teachers. Besides that, academic performance also can be analysed in term of the ability of the students to study and remember facts and the ability to communicate their knowledge verbally or in written form. Azizi Hj. Yahaya (2004) stated that there are four factors that influence students academic performance which are roles of teachers or schools, peers, parents and the students themselves. He stated that the roles of students covered the aspects of the nature of the learning process, the goals of the learning process, construction of knowledge, strategic thinking and finally on thinking about thinking. He then explained that the successful student should be an active, goal-directed, self-regulating, and assume personal responsibility for contributing to their own learning. It can be concluded that the academic performance was reflects by the factors that influence the outcomes of successful students during their learning process. However, the students themselves should determine their goals and lead their selves so that they can achieve successful results in their academic performance. Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) revealed that it is difficult to measure the academic performance especially in term of defining the academic performance itself. There are many ways to measure the academic performance either using the GPA or the grade such as A, B, C, D, and F). Other than that, the researcher should relate the academic performance with the amount of time spent studying such as daily, weekly or monthly. Based on Karpinski (2009), academic performance is conceptualized differently between schools, states and countries. Therefore, he stated that there is no accurate definition on the way to measure academic performance. 2.2 Computer and Internet use In the Information Age, Information Technology (IT) and Internet skills are becoming increasingly important, and those without these skills are at a disadvantage economically and educationally. Schumacher and Morahan-Martin (2001) in their research found that the students had more exposure to computers than to the Internet. The study found that males were more experienced and reported higher skill levels with the Internet than females, with the exception of e-mail. The students used email in order to have efficiently exchange digital information with classmates. Almost one third of the first-grade students do not have their own e-mail address at home yet. The research also identified that more than half of the first-grade students report that they use their computers at least once a week to look for information on the Internet while one third of them used e-mail or chat from home almost every day. The findings also shows that a quarter of the students used the computer for this purpo se every week and more than half use the computer every day for games or music. A research done by Tsai and Tsai (2010) found that there is no significant gender difference in students total Internet Self-Efficacy Scale (ISES) scores. However, a significant difference was found in the communicative Internet Self-Efficacy (ISE) scores between genders while further subscale. The female students had significantly higher scores than did the male students in the communication subscale. It can be concluded that the girls held significantly more confidence than the boys regarding Internet communication. The study also shows that Internet use experience both genders had a medium level of Internet using experience in average. Therefore, there is no significant gender difference found in students Internet using experience. However, a significant gender difference was found in students weekly time spent where it identified that boys spent significant more time on using the Internet than did the girls every week. The study also found that there was a different purpose of using Internet among the genders where most of the girls used the Internet for searching, mailing, music listening, homework and talking while the boys mostly accessed the Internet for game playing, searching and music listening. This result suggested that boys and girls might have different interests or motivations in utilizing the Internet. McCarthy (2000) stated in his article that in the early 2000s, schools at all levels in many countries began to prepare all students for Internet literacy and to promote Internet-based learning for life-long learning. The result from Tsai and Lins (2004) research done in Taiwan showed that the girls had significantly higher Internet self-efficacy than the boys while high school male students still had better Internet attitudes in some aspects. According to Hille (2009), the article mentioned that adolescent students may immersed in online gaming, chatting or other online entertainment, and even become addicted if there is no effective management and supervision from their parents and teachers. The students may also expose to pornographic and violent contents flooding the Internet. Wainer et al. (2008) found that from seven social economic classes, it shows that there is a decrease in test performance among the younger and the poorer students and their computer use is higher than other. Other than that, it also identified that there is a significant decrease in the grades of those who use computers more frequently when compared with those who never use computers for assignments. While the poorest socioeconomic class shows that there is a 15% reduction in test scores. The research done by Yang and Tung (2008) showed that 236 subjects from a total of 1708 were identified as addicts using the eight-item Internet addiction using Internet addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire (DQ) developed by Young (1996b) to distinguish addicts from non-addicts . The findings showed that there are significant different levels of influence of the Internet between the Internet addicts and non-addicts in five aspects of life other than peer relations. The Internet addicts believed that the Internet negatively influenced their school learning, daily routines, health, and parental relations as well as teacher relations while the Internet positively influenced all six aspects of the lives of non-addicts. In previous studies, high school students displayed problematic consequences of Internet dependence, for instance, skipping meals, losing sleep and study time, increasing financial costs for on-line activity, and rearranging daily routines or even neglecting studies to spend more time online (Brenner, 1996; Egger Rauterberg, 1996; Young, 1996b) as cited in Yang and Tung (2008). Based on Youngs study (1998) cited in Yang and Tung (2008), it was found that Internet dependents gradually reduced the time spent with family and friends while increasing time in front of their computers. This phenomenon may apply for some Taiwanese Internet users, but the data in this study demonstrated a negative influence on parents but no disruption of peer relationships for either addicts or non-addict. The findings of this study confirmed those of Kandell (1998), Lin and Tsai (2002) and Chou and Hsiao (2000) as quoted in Yang and Tung (2008), that both the addict and non-addict groups saw the Internet as positively influencing their relationships with friends and schoolmates. Statistical results pointed that Internet addicts spent approximately 21.2 hours per week on the Internet, while non-addicts spent around 12.1 hours per week. This study assumes that most college students, living away from parental monitoring and with fewer classes than high school students, have extensive freedom to explore risky activities that might lead to Internet addiction. This study finds a level of reported Internet usage among high school Internet addicts that is comparable to that for addicted college students. UÃ §aks (2007) study revealed that most of the students of the Department of Information Management in Hacettepe University, Ankara uses the Internet every day. Based on the results, the majority access the Internet from their departments computers followed by accessing from their home. However, the rate of access from Internet cafes and the library is low. The results show that a vast purposes of using the Internet such as for their courses, homework assignments followed by using the Internet for personal interest and for e-mails. Some of them used the Internet to listen for music, games, and entertainment option while chat comes in the last place. SNS The experiences and opinions of the social network influence contraceptive decisions in this population of young, minority women. The social network, including friends, family members, and media sources, is a key source of contraceptive information for many women. Comprehensive contraception counseling should explore the experiences and opinions of the patients social network to the extent possible. Lynn Yee, M.D., M.P.H.a, and Melissa Simon, M.D., M.P.H(2009) Results indicated that students use Facebook approximately 30 min throughout the day as part of their daily routine. Students communicated on Facebook using a one-to-many style, in which they were the creators disseminating content to their friends. Even so, they spent more time observing content on Facebook than actually posting content. Facebook was used most often for social interaction, primarily with friends with whom the students had a pre-established relationship offline. In addition to classic identity markers of emerging adulthood, such as religion, political ideology, and work, young adults also used media preferences to express their identity. Implications of social networking site use for the development of identity and peer relationships are discussed.Tiffany A. Pempek, Yevdokiya A. Yermolayeva, Sandra L. Calvert(2008) An individuals success in society depends on the shape and size of his/her social network and ability to network and form connections with other social groups. Organisations which can harness this innate human ability to manage knowledge will be able to lower transactions costs and become more profitable. Anria Sophia van Zyl (2008) Regression analyses conducted on results from a survey of undergraduate students (N = 286) suggest a strong association between use of Facebook and the three types of social capital, with the strongest relationship being to bridging social capital. In addition, Facebook usage was found to interact with measures of psychological well-being, suggesting that it might provide greater benefits for users experiencing low self-esteem and low life satisfaction. Nicole B. Ellison Charles Steinfield Cliff Lampe(2007) 2.3 SNS use and academic performance According to Boyd Ellison (2008), Social-networking sites (hereafter SNS) are the latest online communication tool that allows users to create a public or private profile to interact with people in their networks. They then defined SNS as web-based services that allow individuals to construct a public or semi-public profile within a bounded system, articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection and view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system There are few studies that had been done in findings the significant of SNS with academic performance. Kirschner and Karpinski (2010) had conducted a research on the Facebook (FB) and academic performance. FB is a part of the examples of SNS that was recently being used by many people including the students. Barratt, Hendrickson, Stephens and Torres (2005) stated that the increased of FBs popularity has raises questions about its impact on college student life. The FB was firstly introduced by Mark Zuckerberg in 2005 to help residential college and university students identify students in other residence halls. The usage of FB than has been expanded to individuals outside the college and university system. It has been identified that the usage of FB covers all group of age with mostly the age between 25 to 34 year-olds (Lipsman, 2007). However, even though there was an increase growth in older age groups, FB remains primarily a college- age and emerging adult phenomenon. From the statistics collected by the FB administrative that showed in the website, http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics, it recorded that there are 500 million of active users registered and half of them log in any given day while 55 million updates post each day with more than 8 billion minutes spent on the website worldwide each. The statistic also identified that more than 2.5 billion photos uploaded each month, more than 14 million videos uploaded each month, more than 30 billion pieces of content, for instance web links, news stories, blog posts, notes, photos shared each week, more than 3.5 million events created each month, and more than 45 million active user groups existing. It can be concluded that Facebook is a popular time-consuming activity that undoubtedly has some impact on college student life. Based on study done by Espinosa, Laffey, Whittaker, and Sheng (2006), they investigated the role of technology in early childhood development using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study. From the findings, it indicated that access contributed to the learning potential of the students, but the researchers concerned that parents should encourage the educational use of technology to improve academic achievement. Apart from that, according to Lei and Zhao (2005), it was explored that the specifics of access, acknowledging that quantity is not as important as quality when it comes to technology use and student achievement. Specifically, when the quality of technology use is not closely monitored or ensured, computer use may do more harm than good to student achievement in school. Hunley et al. (2005) identified that there is no relationship found between time spent on the computer at home and GPA in a sample of adolescents. Technology was found to have a positive impact on academic achievement, or technology with educational value. However, Kubey, Lavin and Barrows (2001), mentioned that other researchers have found that recreational Internet use is strongly correlated with impaired academic performance. The results showed that approximately 10-15% of study participants reported feeling not being in complete control of their Internet use, and that it has hurt their schoolwork. Furthermore, they also identified that students who reported Internet caused schoolwork problems were found to have spent five times more hours online than those who did not, and they were also significantly more likely to report that their Internet use caused them to stay up late, get less sleep, and miss classes. The researchers conclude that it is not so much the Internet that causes these problems as the new social opportunities of the Internet. Students who reported academic problems were more likely to use the Internet for real-time social activities such as IM and chat rooms which lead to them to sleep late at night. Karpinski and Duberstein (2009) on their exploratory survey study identified that there is a negative relationship between FB use and academic achievement as measured by self-reported GPA and hours spent studying per week. Hargittai (2009) stated that there is no evidence found to prove the relationship of Facebook usage with low academic performance. Banquil et al. (2009) in their research found that social networking sites do not indicate negative effects on a students performance in school. 2.4 Factors of using the social networking sites among the students Yang and Tung (2008) stated the Internet addicts usually used the websites and SNS because of lower self-esteem than non-addicts. They are more confident to communicate or socialize through the Internet rather than face to face with people. Yap (2008) identified that, the main factor of using the SNS is because the users need not pay any fees due to the free membership. Furthermore, it is easy to use the SNS whereby the users only need to sign up by filling the form and active the link sent via their email. The students and users also can post advertisements there in order to other members of an event that they are hosting. It is also an opportunity for them to make new friends, use them every day to chat, play games and connect with friends, family and strangers. 2.5 Usefulness of the social networking sites towards student performance The SNS function as a communication tools using the technology connection between people from different locations, for instance the existing of Facebook is to help residential college and university students identify students in other residence halls which also function as an online directory that connects people through social networks at colleges and universities before it is largely used worldwide. According to Pineda (2010), the students and SNS users used it to keep in touch by maintaining a profile on these sites, their loved ones, friends and distant relatives which they do not have to call the users every time just to stay in touch with one another. Besides that, the students can take advantage to post their resume and credentials to the companies that advertise vacancy in the SNS. Dalsgaard (n.d.) discussed how the social networking may be utilized within university education by students sharing information and resources that are originally developed for themselves but made available to others such as using bookmarks, references, links, and notes. He stated that social networking sites are not the new Learning Management Systems. He mentioned that the SNs can be used as a discussion forums and other tools for direct communication and collaboration focus on direct sharing, social networking can support students indirect sharing of resources, thoughts, ideas, productions, writings, notes and others. It will provide the students with an increased consciousness and awareness of the activities of other students. Brady, Holcomb and Smith (2010) identified that education-based SNSs can be used most effectively in distance education courses as a technological tool to improve online communications among students in higher distance education courses. According to Barab and Duffy (2000) and DeSchryver, Mishra, Koehler and Francis (2009), they found that distance education courses are often more successful when they develop communities of practice while Anderson (2005) later added that it is also encourage high levels of online social presence among students. Brady, Holcomb and Smith (2010) stated that since the SNS facilitate the sharing of information, the technologies used in SNSs aid discussion and create intimacy among online students, as they have their ability to connect and build community in a socially and educationally constructed network. Besides, the article also stated that SNS created specifically for an educational audience provides a unique opportunity for educators to facilitate a strong sense of community among students and encourage personal interactions that can lead to the creation of new knowledge and collective intelligence. Smith (2009) as cited in Brady, Holcomb and Smith (2010) stated that, course management systems (CMS) such as Blackboard and Moodle, tend to be much focused and lack the personal touch and networking capacity that SNSs offer. For instance, instructors using CMS may create a question in an online discussion board and each student posts a response. However, these student posts are really not interactions at all, but merely question and answer sessions. Using an SNS that is user centered compared to CMS, it has the potential to increase student engagement. SNSs can actively encourage online community building, extending learning beyond the boundaries of the classroom. Bai (2003), indicated that social presence leads to reduced feelings of loneliness and impassiveness while simultaneously encouraging student interaction and participation in online courses. 2.6 Conceptual Framework Ease of use Student performance SNS usage Usefulness Moderating Variable Dependent Variable Independent Variables Figure 1: Conceptual Framework Figure 1 shows the relationship on the effect of using the social networking sites (SNS) towards students performance. This conceptual framework is developed by the researcher herself based on the literature review done and gathered from previous studies. The figure shows that there are two factors that lead to the usage of the SNS which are the ease of use of the SNS itself and the usefulness the SNS bring to the SNS users. The first factor which is ease of use refers to several elements such as in them of the time response of the SNS, the simple rules and regulation apply and may be because of the attractive and simple design of the SNS itself. While, the usefulness can be defined as the benefits or advantages the users obtain in using the SNS. In this study it focuses more in the usefulness of SNS in the students performance. Besides that, it shows the relationship between the usage of the SNS with the students performance. The study wants to identify and determine whether there is any significant relationship on the usage of the SNS in the students performance. 2.7 Conclusion This literature review provides the brief ideas and information regarding the issues on whether there is any relationship between the usages of the SNS towards students performance. It provides findings done by the previous researchers on the similar topic and all the supports has been included and further revise in this chapter 2. The next chapter will discuss on the methodology that will be used in the study. The detailed information regarding the methodology will be further discussed in the Chapter 3.

John Donnes Loves Alchemy Essay -- John Donne Poetry Poems Analysis

John Donne's Love's Alchemy In 'Love's Alchemy,'; John Donne sets up an analogy between the Platonists, who try, endlessly, to discover spiritual love, and the alchemists, who in Donne’s time, tried to extract gold from baser metals. This analogy allows Donne to express his beliefs that such spiritual love does not exist and those who are searching for it are only wasting their time. Donne cleverly uses language that both allows the reader to see the connections between the alchemists and the Platonists and that allows for a more sexual interpretation of the piece. The poem opens with two lines that lay the groundwork for the analogy and that have a sexual implication. The word â€Å"digged'; and the image of â€Å"love’s mine';, obviously allow for the comparison between the Platonist’s and the alchemists. Donne explains that some have experienced more love than he has, and, in having done so, have penetrated â€Å"deeper'; into â€Å"love’s hidden mystery,'; that is, they have reached a point beyond sensual love where they have found it’s true â€Å"centric'; or essential happiness. This would be analogous to alchemists, who, after many attempts, have been able to extract gold from other metals. Due to the diction that Donne uses and the manner in which he expresses himself in these two lines, it is possible to extract their sexual meaning that serves to ridicule the claims and means of the Platonists as well as the alchemists. The words â€Å"digged love’s mine'; can be interpreted as...

Motivational theories applied in the workplace Essay

Within this assignment I will be looking at the various motivational theories that organisations may use in order to more their workforce more efficient. The organisation I will look at is Tesco as they now employ over 468,000 employees worldwide and have adopted various methods in order to give their employees increased knowledge, skills and job satisfaction by using training and relevant rewards and recognition schemes. Motivation is very important within an organisation that relies heavily on their employees as this will determine how efficiently they work. Motivation can be given in many ways such as personal interest in the job they are doing or other factors such as rewards, other factors include recognition of hard work, a sense of achievement, responsibility within the workplace, opportunity of promotion and also a sense of challenge and enjoyment. By motivating employees in this way they will be able to work harder and achieve a high quality of work in less time. If this is applied within Tesco, the same task will take a shorter period of time meaning a reduced labour cost for the business. The first motivational theory I am going to look at is Taylor’s theory which suggests that employee’s main incentive to work is for money purposes only. Although Taylor’s theory is based upon a production line where workers are paid for each item that is produced which creates an incentive to work faster. Although this meant that work would be completed quicker, it may also lead to lower quality work. Some positive aspects of this theory include that people are able to work for longer periods, and workers feel rewarded for putting in more effort although negative features may include not being suitable to everyone as people may feel less secure in their job. This motivational theory has been adopted within Tesco in order to motivate their staff by offering incentives, these incentives are varied according to lifestyle and includes free shares, pension scheme, private healthcare and contract mobile phones. Tesco offer varied incentives so that every employee has something to work towards as there are different rewards for different people. Although one disadvantage of adopting this method within Tesco is that only the floor staff will benefit as it will relate to the amount of work they complete, whereas mangers do not have the same type of work and will miss out on the same rewards, this means Tesco must adopt multiple theories to suit all employees. The next motivational theory I will look at is the Hawthorne study which suggests that there were various factors which created motivation at work and this included; greater communication, good teamwork, showing an interest in others and ensuring work was non-repetitive. This is due to Elton Mayo suggesting that receptiveness will make employees bored and become less motivated. Which means employees should be given freedom to make choices within their workplace. Although a disadvantage of using this theory is that employees will not get any financial benefits such as bonuses. This is apparent within Tesco as communication within this company is an important factor in order to motivate staff, examples of this include 1-to-1 discussions between floor staff and managers and also with the use of the company’s intranet which is used to offer jobs to current employees before they go out to the public. Another motivational theory I will focus on is Maslow, which includes a pyramid style of motivation where basic or physical needs must be met before the other stages can be dealt with. The other stages include security within the business, social needs which include teambuilding and a sense of belonging between employees, self-esteem which may include promotions and also self-fulfilment that may consist of a constant challenge they face within the workplace. This motivational theory is used within Tesco to motivate all employees within the organisation, such as ensuring each worker has a regular monthly pay and the use of facilities such as a restaurant. The next stage Tesco focus on is the need for security at work, this is in the form of formal contracts of employment to ensure employees feel secure in the job they have taken, security within Tesco also includes pension schemes, union options and also health and safety within the workplace. In addition to this, the Herzberg theory is also used within workplaces such as Tesco, and this includes both motivators and hygiene factors. Some motivational factors that are used within Tesco include: 1. Achievement 2. Responsibility 3. Promotion 4. Growth Also including hygiene factors such as: 1. Pay and benefits 2. Company policy 3. Supervision 4. Job security 5. Working conditions Tesco uses each of these factors in order to motivate its staff by delegating responsibility and decision making which will help to improve the communication within the business and ensure staff are working to the best of their ability. Although by following these factors no social needs are looked into which can be important within a large business such as Tesco. The McGregor theory implies that workers are one of two types which are labelled theory X which include: 1. Individuals who dislike work and avoid it where possible 2. Individuals who lack ambition, dislike responsibility and prefer to be led 3. Individuals who desire security For Theory X workers in order to achieve organisational objectives, a business would need to include a management system, control and correct penalties where needed. And Theory Y workers can be described as: 1. Consider effort at work as just like rest or play 2. Ordinary people who do not dislike work. Depending on the working conditions, work could be considered a source of satisfaction or punishment 3. Individuals who seek responsibility The implications for Theory Y workers are that to achieve organisational objectives, various rewards can be used to motivate workers. Although in order for the workers to show development the workplace must create a working environment. The McGregor theory is used within Tesco by providing a management system for workers on the shop floor by offering one to one talks with their own sector manager which will help to establish objectives for their work and also gives the employees a chance to express any enquiries they may have about their job. The next theory I will look at is the McClelland theory which suggests that there are three main types of motivational needs: 1. The need for achievement 2. The need for authority and power 3. The need for affiliation. Tesco makes use of this theory as each employee and manager has differencing levels of needs, and this influences them within their working environment. Tesco do this by ensuring all employees feel a part of a group and a part of the company, this can be achieved by giving employees responsibility to complete tasks and also have a chance at promotion. The final theory I will explore is the Vroom theory which proposes that employees will work harder if they can see that the overall outcome of their work will benefit them more. This is shown using a formula that can be used to show how motivated someone is likely to be. Tesco are able to use this by offering greater rewards for the work that their employees complete, which may include additional discounts on all areas of the company such as food and electronics and also offering their employees’ private health memberships.

The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essayEssay Writing Service

The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essayEssay Writing Service The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essay The Stop, Question, and Frisk Program essayEach year thousands of Americans are stopped by the police in order to be questioned and frisked. Everyone understands that each stop, question and frisk encounter violated the established constitutional rights. The legal issues which refer to the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy are associated with violation of certain rules that create a debate regarding the validity of the practices. The controversial Stop, Question, and Frisk practices require thorough investigation. It is illegal to aggressively stop and question American citizens who merely enter public places. In many cases, law enforcement personnel uses creative ways to stop, question and frisk people who have shown no evidence of being involved in criminal activity. For example, the New York Police Department’s   â€Å"Operation Clean Halls† has been used since 1991 allowing local police officers to conduct the so-called â€Å"vertical patrols† by providing w ell-organized stop-and-frisk searches in hallways of public buildings (Mathias, 2012). Actually, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practiced in New York City by the City Police Department stands for the legal procedure, which requires stop and question thousands of people, as well as frisk them for weapons, drugs and other contraband. In fact, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices are based on the established laws and regulations that can be found in the Section 140.50 of the New York State Criminal Procedure Law. According to statistical data regarding stop, question and frisk practices, in 2011, 684,330 people were stopped, the majority of them were African-Americans or Latinos (Devereaux, 2012). In this paper, the controversial issues about the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices will be investigated. It is hypothesized that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program fosters racial profiling and leads to discrimination toward African Americans and Latinos. It is necessary to achieve a b alance between the constitutional rights and the policy duties.Literature Review The issue regarding the Stop, Question, and Frisk program has been wildly discussed in academic literature and the mass media sources. The following eleven literature reviews attempt to demonstrate the hypothesis and provide comprehensive support for it.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the newspaper article by Ryan Devereaux (2012), several important questions were discussed in relation to the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices. It has been found that in 2011, 684,330 people were stopped, and the majority of them were African-Americans or Latinos (Devereaux, 2012). This fact means the overwhelming majority of people stopped by the police were the people of color. Besides, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices foster distrust toward the police in African American and Latino communities. Many young people have the sense of fear caused by the police stop-and-frisks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article by Michael M. Grynbaum and Marjorie Connelly, the New York’s stop, question, and frisk policy has been criticized because it allows the police to detain any person they find suspicious. Although that policy has been put in practice in order to succeed in combating violent crimes, today there is much evidence that it promotes racial profiling. It has been found that the majority of residents claim that the Police Department â€Å"favors whites over blacks,† according to the findings taken from The New York Times poll (Grynbaum Connelly, 2012).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another researcher and journalist, Joseph Goldsteinsept supports the position of the previous authors. He has found that in eastern Brooklyn, many young people try to avoid clasping hands when greeting each other in the street because they are â€Å"fearful that their grasp might be mistaken for a drug deal and invite a search by the police† ( Goldsteinsept, 2014, p.1).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the study conducted by David Weisburd and colleagues (2014), special attention is paid to the role of policing practices in the New York crime decline. The researchers highlight the impact of innovations implemented in the New York police strategies. It has been found that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has contributed to the crime drop in the area over the last years. They examined the data on crime and stop, question and frisks policy implementation in order to prove the fact that the stop, question and frisks practices are â€Å"concentrated at crime hot spots† (Weisburd et al., 2014, p. 129). The researchers raise concerns regarding possible negative effects of the stop, question and frisks practices.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article by David A. Harris (1995), the cases of the stop, question and frisks allow the police to conduct searches and seizures in the str eets, making the police officers act without any probable cause. This article shows that the policy requires balancing the interests of the police and private interests.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the study conducted by Andrew Gelmana and colleagues (2007), there is much evidence that the police officers tend to stop individuals who belong to racial and ethnic minority groups more often than white people based on their proportions in the overall population of the city (p. 813). Researchers support the ideas of previous authors that persons of African and Hispanic descent face discrimination as they are stopped, questioned and frisked more frequently than white people.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One more article that criticizes the stop, question and frisks policy is the article by Christopher Mathias. A report on NYPD stop, question and frisks policy calls for a comprehensive internal audit. One of the benefits is the â€Å"the effectiveness of stop and frisk† in the prevention of carrying guns on the street (Mathias, 2012). However, the author states that there are more weaknesses than strengths of this policy. People who face these practices point out to the fact that many stops are illegal (Mathias, 2012). This fact means that many stops lack the proper justification. Innocent people suffer from injustices and violation of human rights.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the same time, there are many proponents of the stop, question and frisks policy. The article written by Joseph Ferrandino (2010) provides a comprehensive analysis of the policy, placing emphasis on the benefits of the stop, question and frisks practices. The analysis of New York Police Department (NYPD) stop and frisk practices has been focused on its equity and effectiveness, including technical efficiency. This research reflects the police efficiency, setting the foundation for future investigation of the existing models as well as the outcomes resulting from frisks.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the article by Jeffrey Fagan and colleagues (2011), the discussion of the positive and negative consequences of New York City’s modern policing strategies helps to assess the necessity of making an analysis of stop and frisk. The researchers states that stop, question and frisk practice was an â€Å"essential feature, perhaps the most important and active ingredient, in the regime of Order Maintenance Policing (OMP) that began in New York City in 1994† (Fagan, 2011, p. 1). In fact, the research is based on highlighting the fairness of the practice as the central motive of the reactions of people from different ethnic backgrounds, including Whites, African-Americans, and Hispanics to experiences with the police. It has been found that all people want the police to act fairly in relation to minorities.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Besides, in the article by Kevin Buckler and George E. Higgins (2014), special attention is paid to the existing perceived injustice and crime policy preference. The aggressiveness of the policy influence racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of residents, but the stop-and-frisk practices are effective at reducing the rate of violent crime in the region, as well as the rate of gun offenses (Buckler Higgins, 2014). The research provides an analysis of the key findings, which contribute to the implementation of the policy in the future. Moreover, the implications for future research are discussed.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, in Fallon’s article, the Stop, Question and Frisk policy is assessed as effective, although it challenges constitutional rights mentioned in the Fourth Amendment. There is a necessity to update the policy in some way, adding the force of law and limiting the ability of the police officers to make adequate policy decisions, without discrimination (Fallon, 2013).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thus, it is necessary to conclude that the issue regarding the Stop, Question, and Frisk program remains a controversial issue, although the literature reviews provided in this paper point out many positive effects of the policy on society in general and each citizen in particular.Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The New York Police Department’s practices are aimed at reducing crime rate in the region. The Stop, Question, and Frisk program has both positive and negative aspects that should be taken into consideration by the government. There is much evidence that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program demonstrates the elements of racial and ethnic division between Whites and minority groups on the issues of apparent inequality, injustice and the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy preference (Buckler Higgins, 2014). Many researchers explore racial and ethnic variation that exists among New York City residents, placing emphasis on the aggressiveness of the Stop, Question and Frisk policy. This fact means that the policy influences racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of American citizens. The Stop, Question and Frisk policy can be very effective in the ways to reduce violent crime and gun offenses, but it may be ineffective in promotion of racial equality and reduction of racial discrimination in the United States. Today everyone in the United States is aware of the fact that racial and ethnic differences in perceptions of citizens are affected by the fact that the police officers treat Blacks and Hispanics differently than Whites.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, it is obvious that current situation regarding the implementation of the Stop, Question and Frisk policy presents a dilemma for American society. On the one hand, it is the U.S. constitutional law that individuals should be free from the arbitrary police intrusions on their privacy rights. At the same time , the effectiveness of law enforcement practices depends on the development and implementation of adequate programs aimed at reducing violence and crime rate through maintenance of safe streets. If police officers are given an opportunity to stop, question and frisk Americans who are reasonably suspected by the police to be involved in criminal activity, the crime rate may be reduced to minimum.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In general, recent research places emphasis on the discussion of the positive and negative consequences of the New York Police Department’s modern policing strategies in order to evaluate the necessity of making changes in the Stop, Question and Frisk policy (Buckler Higgins, 2014; Fallon, 2013; Ferrandino, 2013). It is very important to achieve a comprehensive balance between the constitutional rights provided to American citizens and the policy duties mentioned in the police code of conduct presents a real challenge for any police officer . Recent research shows that in recent decade, there has been a perception that the New York Police Department has sacrificed the protection of both human rights and civil liberties in order to pursue the established organizational goals. This fact means that the Stop, Question and Frisk practices provided by the New York Police Department remain at the center of the public debate.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Furthermore, the legal standards that govern the Stop, Question and Frisk policy should be taken into consideration. The fact that the Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protects citizens from unreasonable searches and seizures by law enforcement personnel means that the Stop, Question and Frisk policy is improper. There are legal cases, which demonstrate that the Fourth Amendment works, including Terry v. Ohio case, in which the Court ruled that the proper legal standard should be reasonable suspicion rather than probable cause (Weisburd et al., 2014). N evertheless, there are also cases, which point out that the police have the right to provide Stop, Question and Frisk practices including the cases like California v. Hodari D. and United States v. Cortes (Weisburd et al., 2014).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, American citizens are not obliged to answer inquires provided by law enforcement personnel. The established constitutional standards exist to provide protection to individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, if they are not criminals. However, if they are criminals and the police officers have reasonable suspicion that the individuals are involved in criminal activities, the Stop, Question and Frisk policy works. Recent researches are based on the assessment of the effectiveness of the policy in relation to minority and ethnic groups. Thus, the Stop, Question, and Frisk program may be characterized as improper policy as it fosters racial profiling and leads to discrimination toward African Americ ans and Latinos.Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hence, it is necessary to conclude that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program remains a controversial one, although there is much evidence that it has many positive effects on American society in general and each American citizen in particular. It would be better to make certain improvements in the policy in order to add the force of the constitutional law and allow the police officers to make adequate policy decisions, without racial discrimination and segregation. To achieve a balance between the constitutional rights and the policy duties presents a real challenge for any police officer. This paper discusses not only the controversy about the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices, but also mentions the applicable standards which govern the implementation of the policy. It has been hypothesized that the Stop, Question, and Frisk program fosters racial profiling and leads to discrimination toward African American s and Latinos. The hypothesis can be accepted as there is much evidence on the negative effects of the Stop, Question, and Frisk practices. It becomes clear that it is necessary to achieve a balance between the constitutional rights and the law enforcement duties. It is recommended to assess the effectiveness of current law enforcement mechanism regarding the implementation of the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy.

Achillies essays

Achillies essays Achilles was one of the many, numerous heroes of the great Trojan War. He has a great story that goes along with his adventures. A man who wrote poems about wars named Homer tells his story in the Iliad. He was a great warrior of the Trojan War because of what his parents did to him when he was young. Because of what his parents did when he was young, he could not be defeated and was a major threat to other enemies, but was a great asset to the country he fought for. Achilles had two parents like most people. His mother was a Nereid named Thetis. She was a sea nymph. Thetis was an immortal nymph. The mortal Peleus fell in love with her, but she avoided him by turning herself into various slippery animals. She turned herself into various slippery animals to try to avoid him because she didnt want to have anything to do with him and she didnt like to be around him. Eventually Peleus caught Thetis. She was very well known for her many inventions. She was well known by both gods and mortals because she made inventions for both the mortals and the gods. An example of her helping gods and mortals is when Hephaestus was cast by Zues from Heaven, and fell into the sea. When hephaestus was cast from Heaven, Thetis had to help him and get her out of the sea. She married Peleus and their wedding indirectly brought on the Trojan War. All the gods except for the goddess of Discord, Eris had been invited by Zues to the wedding of Achilles parents. Eris was jealous so to get even, Eris tossed a golden apple in the midst of the gathering, and labeled it To the Fairest. A fight soon ensued between the beautiful goddesses Hera, Aphrodite, and Athena, as to who the rightful recipient of the golden apple should be. The decision was left to a Shepherd named Paris, who awarded the apple to Aphrodite on the promise of winning the hand of Helen. Helen was considered to be the most beautiful mortal. Ap...

Management Work and Society People, Management and Business Essay

Management Work and Society People, Management and Business - Essay Example The structure of this paper is as follows. In the next section, the main arguments on the gendered nature of the organization are presented. This section is further divided into a number of subsections. The first subsection discusses the ways in which occupational mobility is important for women, and how it influences the organizations. Issues of the way in which lack of mobility can lead to gender pay differences are also discussed. In the next subsection, the aspects of gender and ethnic makeup of the senior management are discussed. It is noted that the type of senior management present in an organization will influence the kind of people who are hired. The third subsection discusses the ways in which pay differential is a key determinant in the gendering of the organizational environment. The next subsection discusses the implications of education on the nature of the organization. It is established that the organization is highly influenced the type of education which is availab le to the employees, and that women are generally less educated which decreases their chances at getting to the higher levels of management in the organization. The final subsection takes all these issues into account, and is a philosophical discussion on the ways in which a gendered policy is suitable for an organization working in a competitive market environment. This paper concludes that although there is some evidence that the gendered nature of organization is changing, however significant further progress needs to be made before organizations can call them self gender neutral. 2 Discussion & Review of Literature A great deal has been written about the organizational careers and the ways in which gender influences it (Barry et al., 2006, Belfield, 2005, Charles and Harris, 2007, Deem, 2003). Many of the studies on gender and women in management have established that satisfaction level of women working in organizations in UK and elsewhere is lower (Smith, 2009) because of j ob discrimination, difficulties in work-life balance (Charles and Harris, 2007), and poor attitude of management (MarTins and Parsons, 2007). The issues of gender in women, especially within the UK context has been debated in the literature for a long time, and has been a subject of controversy and debate (McDowell, 2005, Metcalfe, 2008). 2.1 Occupational Mobility One of the key issues facing women working in professional environment is occupational mobility. The circumstances under which women can choose or refuse promotions, new work environments and other key changes in the nature of the job are the key turning points in the career of women (Berg and Einspruch, 2007, Guillaume and Pochic, 2009, Tomlinson, 2006). A number of authors are of the view that careers of women are conceived as a set of adjustments to their family lives, which negatively affects their working relationships (Charles and Har

Organisational Behaviour Management Annotated Bibliography

Organisational Behaviour Management - Annotated Bibliography Example The field of organisational behaviour ventures to explain and understand human behaviour in the context of an organisation. Griffin and Moorhead (2010) provided the definition of organisational behaviour as â€Å"the study of human behaviour in organisational settings, of the interface between human behaviour, and of the organisation itself† (p. 4). Hellriegel and Slocum (2007) explained the importance of studying organisational behaviour both for personal efficacy and organisational effectiveness. Hence, a working knowledge of organisational behaviour builds up the necessary competencies to achieve effectiveness on a personal and organisational level. Equipped with the essential competencies, employees, team leaders, manager, executives and any other member of an organisation can, therefore, contribute in their own little way to diagnose, understand, explain and act on emerging issues within the organisation as one cohesive unit. The LePine, Erez, and Johnson (2002) article is a meta-analysis which complements the three aforementioned articles, but extended the coverage of these three articles into the more-encompassing concept of organisational citizenship behaviour with such characteristics as altruism, civic virtue, conscientiousness, courtesy and sportsmanship. The articles of Brief and Weiss (2002) and Ashkanasy, Hartel, and Daus (2002) tackled similar affects of organisational behaviour: moods and emotions, and diversity and emotions, respectively.... A more profound understanding of moods, emotions and diversity will be instrumental in bringing out positive behaviour in the workplace. These two articles also demonstrated how a study of moods, emotions and diversity can foster positive and healthy working atmosphere. The Daus and Ashkanasy (2005) article is an important inclusion in this annotated bibliography on organisational behaviour management because an ability-based framework of emotional intelligence can help support the development of positive behaviours, organisational citizenship behaviour, and positive moods and emotions. Daus and Ashkanasy’s (2005) eloquent defence of their model against detractors buttressed the importance of emotional intelligence in organisational behaviour management, not just for leaders, but also for employees. The systematic review of Boudreau (2004) regarding organisational behavioural research revealed significant inputs about the progress of research in the various areas of organisati onal behaviour. The findings should serve as a guide for business and psychology researchers wanting to explore the virgin areas for scholastic inquiries, particularly in order to boost existing knowledge on positive organisational behaviour. Annotated Bibliography Research No. 1 REFERENCE Youssef, C. M. & Luthans, F. (2007). Positive organisational behaviour in the workplace: The impact of hope, optimism, and resilience. Journal of Management, 33(5), 774-800. AIM / PURPOSE The aim of the article was to detail the findings of the study which examined the relationship between the positive psychological resource capacities hope, optimism and resilience, and desired work-related employee outcomes; and how these psychological resources